{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:54:24Z","timestamp":1777424064587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["Centro2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centro2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["NORTE-45-2020-75"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-45-2020-75"]}]},{"name":"Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programe","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"]}]},{"name":"Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programe","award":["Centro2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centro2020"]}]},{"name":"Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programe","award":["NORTE-45-2020-75"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-45-2020-75"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["Centro2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centro2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE-45-2020-75"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-45-2020-75"]}]},{"name":"HAC4CG\u2014Heritage, Art, Creation for Climate Change","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000095"]}]},{"name":"HAC4CG\u2014Heritage, Art, Creation for Climate Change","award":["Centro2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centro2020"]}]},{"name":"HAC4CG\u2014Heritage, Art, Creation for Climate Change","award":["NORTE-45-2020-75"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-45-2020-75"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inspired by the principles of the circular economy, using vineyard pruning residues as a source of raw materials for producing nanocellulose is a promising approach to transforming vineyard resources into value-added products. This study aimed to obtain and characterize cellulose and cellulose nanofibers from such sources. The cellulose collected from different fractions of micronized stems (500, 300, 150 \u03bcm, and retain) of vines was submitted to autohydrolysis and finally bleached. Soon, it underwent treatment via (2,2,6,6-tetrametil-piperidi-1-nil)oxil (TEMPO) oxidation and ultrasonic to obtain nanocellulose fibers. The cellulose films were obtained at a microscale thickness of 0.05 \u00b1 0.00; 0.37 \u00b1 0.03; 0.06 \u00b1 0.01 e 0.030 \u00b1 0.01 mm, with the following particle size: 500 \u00b5m, 300 \u00b5m, 150 \u00b5m, and retain (&lt;150 \u00b5m). The bleaching efficiency of the cellulose fibers of each particle size fraction was evaluated for color through a colorimeter. In addition, the extraction of cellulose fibers was assessed by infrared with Fourier transform, and size and shape were assessed by microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction were performed to confirm the thermal and crystalline properties. Combining autohydrolysis with a bleaching step proved to be a promising and ecological alternative to obtain white fractions rich in cellulose. It was possible to perform the extraction of cellulose to obtain nanocellulose fibers from vine pruning residues for the development of coatings for the conservation of heritage buildings from environmental conditions through an environmentally friendly process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13101905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T02:47:30Z","timestamp":1695955650000},"page":"1905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Implementation of a Circular Bioeconomy: Obtaining Cellulose Fibers Derived from Portuguese Vine Pruning Residues for Heritage Conservation, Oxidized with TEMPO and Ultrasonic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3439-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologias das Artes (CITAR), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana R.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Collaborative Laboratory Towards Circular Economy (CECOLAB), 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6205-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar L.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3822-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra B.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela E.","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologias das Artes (CITAR), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologias das Artes (CITAR), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina (CBQF), Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-013-0003-7","article-title":"Hydrophobic waterborne coating for cellulose containing hybrid organic nanoparticle pigments with vegetable oils","volume":"20","author":"Samyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baskakov, S.A., Baskakova, Y.V., Kabachkov, E.N., Kichigina, G.A., Kushch, P.P., Kiryukhin, D.P., Krasnikova, S.S., Badamshina, E.R., Vasil\u2019ev, S.G., and Soldatenkov, T.A. (2022). Cellulose from Annual Plants and Its Use for the Production of the Films Hydrophobized with Tetrafluoroethylene Telomers. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186002"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesus, M., Roman\u00ed, A., Mata, F., and Domingues, L. (2022). Current Options in the Valorisation of Vine Pruning Residue for the Production of Biofuels, Biopolymers, Antioxidants, and Bio-Composites following the Concept of Biorefinery: A Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091640"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues Machado, A., Atatoprak, T., Santos, J., Alexandre, E.M., Pintado, M.E., Paiva, J.A., and Nunes, J. (2023). Potentialities of the Extraction Technologies and Use of Bioactive Compounds from Winery By-Products: A Review from a Circular Bioeconomy Perspective. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137754"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2022.109027","article-title":"Sustainable and non-conventional protocols for the three-way valorisation of lignin from grape stalks","volume":"178","author":"Mariatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process.-Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.06.024","article-title":"Trace metals in river bed sediments: An assessment of their partitioning and bioavailability by using multivariate exploratory analysis","volume":"91","author":"Barral","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.153","article-title":"Assessment of suitability of vine shoots for hemicellulosic oligosaccharides production through aqueous processing","volume":"211","author":"Gordobil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"D\u00e1vila, I., Robles, E., Eg\u00fc\u00e9s, I., Labidi, J., and Gull\u00f3n, P. (2017). Handbook of Grape Processing By-Products, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.230","article-title":"Integral valorization of vine pruning residue by sequential autohydrolysis stages","volume":"168","author":"Jesus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Paula, R.M.d. (2021). Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Manipula\u00e7\u00e3o das Propriedades Mec\u00e2nicas de Nanocelulose. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117938","article-title":"Direct conversion of raw wood to TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers","volume":"262","author":"Kaffashsaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.07.024","article-title":"Films based on oxidized starch and cellulose from barley","volume":"133","author":"Colussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Carter, E.C., Schanda, J.D., Hirschler, R., Jost, S., Luo, M.R., Melgosa, M., Ohno, Y., Pointer, M.R., Rich, D.C., and Vi\u2019enot, F. (2004). CIE 15:2004, Colorimetry, Commission Internationale de l\u2019Eclairage. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Farias, M.G., Carvalho, C., Takeiti, C.Y., and Ascheri, J. (2012, January 16\u201318). O efeito da permeabilidade ao vapor de \u00e1gua, atividade de \u00e1gua, molhabilidade e solubilidade em \u00e1gua em filmes de amido e polpa de acerola. Proceedings of the Embrapa Agroind\u00fastria Tropical, VI Workshop da Rede de Nanotecnologia Aplicada ao Agroneg\u00f3cio, Fortaleza, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.035","article-title":"Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose I\u03b2 and cellulose II","volume":"135","author":"Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/004051755902901003","article-title":"An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer","volume":"29","author":"Segal","year":"1959","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0703970","article-title":"Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Native Cellulose","volume":"8","author":"Saito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04112-1","article-title":"Reflective and transparent cellulose-based passive radiative coolers","volume":"28","author":"Gamage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53412-x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from jackfruit peel","volume":"9","author":"Trilokesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.07.051","article-title":"Chemical characterization of different granulometric fractions of grape stalks waste","volume":"50","author":"Pujol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.04.518","article-title":"The influence of particle size on the extraction of cellulose nanofibers using chemical-ultrasonic process","volume":"64","author":"Ratnakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"86","article-title":"Toward a Circular Bioeconomy: Extracting Cellulose from Grape Stalks","volume":"37","author":"Machado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.201","article-title":"Production of cellulose nanocrystals from vine shoots and their use for the development of nanocomposite materials","volume":"117","author":"Hannache","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-020-01258-2","article-title":"Chemical functional groups of extractives, cellulose and lignin extracted from native Leucaena leucocephala bark","volume":"55","author":"Rafidah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"95","article-title":"Kinetic thermal degradation of cellulose, polybutylene succinate and a green composite: Comparative study","volume":"3","author":"Abderrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Environ. Eng"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.05.053","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from Rose stems (Rosa spp.)","volume":"220","author":"Tecante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61650","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA12452B","article-title":"Improvement of lignin yield and purity from corncob in the presence of steam explosion and liquid hot pressured alcohol","volume":"5","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul Rahman, N.H., Chieng, B.W., Ibrahim, N.A., and Abdul Rahman, N. (2017). Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from tea leaf waste fibers. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9110588"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echevarr\u00eda-Guanilo, M.E., Gon\u00e7alves, N., and Romanoski, P.J. (2017). Psychometric properties of measurement instruments: Conceptual bases and evaluation methods-part I. Texto Contexto-Enferm., 26.","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-07072017001600017"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00535","article-title":"Cellulose Nano-Films as Bio-Interfaces","volume":"7","author":"Raghuwanshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"67","article-title":"Barrier properties of films of pea starch associated with xanthan gum and glycerol","volume":"21","author":"Sarmento","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.20873\/uft.2359365220196Especialp110","article-title":"Efeito do glicerol nas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas de filmes a base de quitosana","volume":"6","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"DESAFIOS-Rev. Interdiscip. Univ. Fed. Tocantins"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fakhouri, F.M. (2009). Biopl\u00e1sticos Flex\u00edveis e Biodegrad\u00e1veis \u00e0 Base de Amido e Gelatina. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual dse Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Avelino, K.R.d.S. (2019). Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Filmes Comest\u00edveis \u00e0 Base de Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucana.2022.100026","article-title":"Double heterojunction CQDs\/CeO2\/BaFe12O19 magnetic separation photocatalysts: Construction, structural characterization, dye and POPs removal, and the interrelationships between magnetism and photocatalysis","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2021.100089","article-title":"Synthesis of novel CQDs\/CeO2\/SrFe12O19 magnetic separation photocatalysts and synergic adsorption-photocatalytic degradation effect for methylene blue dye removal","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.063","article-title":"The preparation and characterization of nanocomposite film reinforced by modified cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2014.01.015","article-title":"Development of biodegradable films based on blue corn flour with potential applications in food packaging. Effects of plasticizers on mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of flour films","volume":"60","author":"Solano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117386","article-title":"TEMPO-oxidized cellulose fibers from wheat straw: Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment and concentration on structure and rheological properties of suspensions","volume":"255","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.11.023","article-title":"Liposomes loaded with phenolic extracts of Spirulina LEB-18: Physicochemical characterization and behavior under simulated gastrointestinal conditions","volume":"120","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Cola, E., Grillo, I., and Ristori, S. (2016). Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering: Powerful tools for studying the structure of drug-loaded liposomes. Pharmaceutics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics8020010"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.010","article-title":"Effect of drying methods on the physical properties and microstructures of mango (Philippine \u2018Carabao\u2019var.) powder","volume":"111","author":"Caparino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04109-w","article-title":"Influence of pretreatment and mechanical nanofibrillation energy on properties of nanofibers from Aspen cellulose","volume":"28","author":"Balea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.03.008","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibers isolated by TEMPO-oxidation and aqueous counter collision methods","volume":"191","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c08162","article-title":"Single-step fiber pretreatment with monocomponent endoglucanase: Defibrillation energy and cellulose nanofibril quality","volume":"9","author":"Berto","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115292","article-title":"One-shot TEMPO-periodate oxidation of native cellulose","volume":"226","author":"Mendoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2013.01.002","article-title":"Improved properties of micronized genetically modified flax fibers","volume":"164","author":"Szatkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111750","article-title":"Mechanical activation and characterization of micronized cellulose particles from pulp fiber","volume":"141","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04905-y","article-title":"Micronized cellulose particles from mechanical treatment and their performance on reinforcing polypropylene composite","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7455\/ijfs\/7.1.2018.a3","article-title":"Extraction and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple peel","volume":"7","author":"Madureira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Stud."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Freixo, R., Bastos, F., Ribeiro, A., Pereira, C., Costa, E., and Ramos, O. (2021, January 28\u201330). Evaluation of different acid hydrolysis in sugarcane bagasse for cellulose-rich extract production. Proceedings of the Encontro com a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Portugal-Ci\u00eancia, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7480S","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083720974424","article-title":"Water absorption behavior of cellulosic fibers polymer composites: A review on its effects and remedies","volume":"51","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v75.5338","article-title":"Thermal and flexural properties of regenerated cellulose(rc)\/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)(phb)biocomposites","volume":"75","author":"Yeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahlouli, S., Belaadi, A., Makhlouf, A., Alshahrani, H., Khan, M.K.A., and Jawaid, M. (2023). Effect of Fiber Loading on Thermal Properties of Cellulosic Washingtonia Reinforced HDPE Biocomposites. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132910"}],"container-title":["Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/13\/10\/1905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:07Z","timestamp":1760130067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/13\/10\/1905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["agriculture13101905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture13101905","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0472","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}