{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:05:32Z","timestamp":1776909932157,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM)","award":["001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM)","award":["01.02.016301.01742\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01742\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM)","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM)","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["01.02.016301.01742\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.01742\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the production and economic feasibility of biochar for smallholder and family farms in Central Amazonia, with potential implications for other tropical regions. The costs of construction of a prototype mobile kiln and biochar production were evaluated, using small-sized biomass from acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) agro-industrial residues as feedstock. The biochar produced was characterised in terms of its liming capacity (calcium carbonate equivalence, CaCO3eq), nutrient content via organic fertilisation methods, and ash analysis by ICP-OES. Field trials with cowpea assessed economic outcomes, as well scenarios of fractional biochar application and cost comparison between biochar production in the prototype kiln and a traditional earth-brick kiln. The prototype kiln showed production costs of USD 0.87\u20132.06 kg\u22121, whereas traditional kiln significantly reduced costs (USD 0.03\u20130.08 kg\u22121). Biochar application alone increased cowpea revenue by 34%, while combining biochar and lime raised cowpea revenues by up to 84.6%. Owing to high input costs and the low value of the crop, the control treatment generated greater net revenue compared to treatments using lime alone. Moreover, biochar produced in traditional kilns provided a 94% increase in net revenue compared to liming. The estimated externalities indicated that carbon credits represented the most significant potential source of income (USD 2217 ha\u22121). Finally, fractional biochar application in ten years can retain over 97% of soil carbon content, demonstrating potential for sustainable agriculture and carbon sequestration and a potential further motivation for farmers if integrated into carbon markets. Public policies and technological adaptations are essential for facilitating biochar adoption by small-scale tropical farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15151700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1754492993000},"page":"1700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation, Prospects, and Economic Scenarios for the Use of Biochar in Small-Scale Agriculture in Tropical"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9661-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture ISA-UL, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas\u2014IFAM, Manaus 69025-010, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita de Oliveira","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture ISA-UL, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas\u2014IFAM, Manaus 69025-010, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1479-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Criscian Kellen Amaro de Oliveira","family":"Danielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture ISA-UL, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas\u2014IFAM, Manaus 69025-010, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3729-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiriane Martins","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas\u2014IFAM, Manaus 69025-010, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Eduardo","family":"Danielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture ISA-UL, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Superintendency of the Manaus Free Trade Zone\u2014SUFRAMA, Manaus 69075-830, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton Paulo de Souza","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Amazonian Research\u2014INPA, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1918-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences at the University of Lisbon\u2014ICS-UL, 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimas Jos\u00e9","family":"Lasmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Economics (DEA), Faculty of Social Studies, Federal University of Amazonas\u2014UFAM, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia S. C.","family":"Marques-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture ISA-UL, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, J., and Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for Environmental Management: An Introduction. Biochar for Environmental Management, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203762264"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169607","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Biochar Carbon Stability Methods and Implications for Carbon Credits","volume":"914","author":"Adhikari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Camps-Arbestain, M., Amonette, J.E., Singh, B., Wang, T., and Schmidt, H.P. (2015). 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