{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:27:36Z","timestamp":1762352856041,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dryland pastures in the Alentejo region, located in the south of Portugal, normally occupy soils that have low fertility but, simultaneously, important spatial variability. Rational application of fertilizers requires knowledge of spatial variability of soil characteristics and crop response, which reinforces the interest of technologies that facilitates the identification of homogeneous management zones (HMZ). In this work, a pasture field of about 25 ha, integrated in the Montado mixed ecosystem (agro-silvo-pastoral), was monitored. Surveys of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) were carried out in November 2017 and October 2018 with a Veris 2000 XA contact sensor. A total of 24 sampling points (30 \u00d7 30 m) were established in tree-free zones to allow readings of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI). Historical time series of these indices were obtained from satellite imagery (Sentinel-2) in winter and spring 2017 and 2018. Three zones with different potential productivity were defined based on the results obtained in terms of spatial variability and temporal stability of the measured parameters. These are the basis for the elaboration of differentiated prescription maps of fertilizers with variable application rate technology, taking into account the variability of soil characteristics and pasture development, contributing to the sustainability of this ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering1040041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T04:58:39Z","timestamp":1575349119000},"page":"567-585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Integration of Soil Electrical Conductivity and Indices Obtained through Satellite Imagery for Differential Management of Pasture Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, \u00c9vora 7002-554, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Shakib","family":"Shahidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, \u00c9vora 7002-554, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marques da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, \u00c9vora 7002-554, Portugal"},{"name":"Agroinsider Lda. (spin-off da Universidade de \u00c9vora), PITE, R. Circular Norte, NERE, Sala 18, 7005-841 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Paix\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroinsider Lda. (spin-off da Universidade de \u00c9vora), PITE, R. Circular Norte, NERE, Sala 18, 7005-841 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, \u00c9vora 7002-554, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAAM, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P.O. Box 94, \u00c9vora 7002-554, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1080\/00288230709510398","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of soil organic matter in a county scale agricultural ecosystem","volume":"50","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agr. 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