{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:38:32Z","timestamp":1760402312672,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been increasing pressure on water resources in cities due to the proliferation of urban green areas. In the Mediterranean climate, only a small part of the plants\u2019 water needs is supplied by rainfall during the winter months. Thus, in Algarve (Portugal) irrigation of the urban landscapes is required almost all year round. The aims of this study were to evaluate the maintenance of the urban landscapes of S\u00e3o Br\u00e1s de Alportel (Algarve) during a year, based on the characterization of the vegetation of the urban gardens, the climate data, the analysis of the irrigation systems, the calculation of the plants water requirements and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). By crossing all this information, it was possible to understand if the current maintenance level is the most suitable for sustainable irrigated urban landscapes. In most of the gardens, it was possible to establish a relationship between the gross irrigation water requirements and NDVI. In general, the NDVI allowed us to study the urban landscape, through the monthly observation of the differences in the appearance and development of the vegetation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering2010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"27-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applying Remote Sensing Technologies in Urban Landscapes of the Mediterranean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestina M. G.","family":"Pedras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3677-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Maria","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Spatial and Organizational Dynamics (CIEO), Universidade Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Lan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Granja-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Spatial and Organizational Dynamics (CIEO), Universidade Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.11.020","article-title":"Water management assessment in a historic garden: the case study of the Real Alcazar (Seville, Spain)","volume":"29","author":"Egea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Costello, L.R., Matheny, N.P., and Clark, J. (2000). A Guidetoestimating Irrigation Waterneeds of Landscape Plantings in California, University of California. The Landscape Coefficient Method and WUCOLS III."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1974). Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ETRS, 3\u00ba ERTS-1 Symposium."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Chuvieco, S.E. (2002). Teledetecci\u00f3n Ambiental: La Observaci\u00f3n de la Tierra Desde el Espacio, Editorial Ariel."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(94)","article-title":"Satellite-Based Energy Balance to Assess Within-Population variance of crop coefficient curves","volume":"131","author":"Tasumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"SNIRH Dados da Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Meteorol\u00f3gica de S\u00e3o Br\u00e1s de Alportel (2018, July 26). Autoridade Nacional da \u00c1gua, Sistema Nacional de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Recursos H\u00eddricos, 2001. Available online: http:\/\/snirh.apambiente.pt\/snirh\/_dadosbase\/site\/simplex.php?OBJINFO=DADOS&FILTRA_BACIA=992&FILTRA_COVER=920123704&FILTRA_SITE=920685676."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Wright, J.L., Pruitt, W.O., Pereira, L.S., and Jensen, M.E. (2007). Water Requirements. Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Merriam, J.L., and Keller, J. (1978). Farm Irrigation System Evaluation. A Guide for Management, Utah State University. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"ASAE-EP458 (2004). Design and installation of microirrigation systems. ASAE Standards 2004, ASAE. Standards Engineering Practices Data."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.2018a0041","article-title":"UC ANR-research and education influences landscape water conservation and public policy","volume":"73","author":"Hartin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Stark, B., Chen, Y., Ray, A.L., and Doll, D. (2015, January 9\u201312). A detailed field study of direct correlations between ground truth crop water stress and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from small unmanned aerial system. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2015.7152331"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.06.062","article-title":"Irrigation systems in smart cities coping with water scarcity: The case of valdebebas, Madrid (Spain)","volume":"247","author":"Zubelzu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1557501","article-title":"Spatio-temporal fusion of NDVI data for simulating soil water content in heterogeneous Mediterranean areas","volume":"52","author":"Chiesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-7402\/2\/1\/2\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:28:48Z","timestamp":1760362128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-7402\/2\/1\/2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["agriengineering2010002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriengineering2010002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-7402"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2624-7402"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]}}}