{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:48:17Z","timestamp":1775080097645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrigation districts play a decisive role in Portuguese agriculture and require the adaptation to the new water management paradigm through a change in technology and practices compatible with farmers\u2019 technical know-how and economic sustainability. Therefore, improvement of water management, focusing on water savings and increasing farmers\u2019 income, is a priority. In this perspective, an applied research study is being carried out on the gravity-fed Lis Valley Irrigation District to assess the performance of collective water supply, effectiveness of water pumping, and safety of crop production due to the practice of reuse of drainage water. The water balance method was applied at irrigation supply sectors, including gravity and Pumping Irrigation Allocation. The average 2018 irrigation water allocated was 7400 m3\/ha, being 9.3% by pumping recharge, with a global efficiency of about 67%. The water quality analysis allowed identifying some risk situations regarding salinization and microbiological issues, justifying action to solve or mitigate the problems, especially at the level of the farmers\u2019 fields, according to the crops and the irrigation systems. Results point to priority actions to consolidate improved water management: better maintenance and conservation of infrastructure of hydraulic infrastructures to reduce water losses and better flow control; implementation of optimal operational plans, to adjust the water demand with distribution; improvement of the on-farm systems with better water application control and maintenance procedures; and improvement of the control of water quality on the water reuse from drainage ditches. The technological innovation is an element of the modernization of irrigation districts that justifies the development of multiple efforts and synergies among stakeholders, namely farmers, water users association, and researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering2010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1581076228000},"page":"78-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Developing Irrigation Management at District Scale Based on Water Monitoring: Study on Lis Valley, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Eug\u00e9nio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Regantes e Benefici\u00e1rios do Vale do Lis, Quinta do Picoto, Leiria, 2425-492 Souto da Carpalhosa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIA \u2013 Institute of Applied Research, CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7209-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIA \u2013 Institute of Applied Research, CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel Maria","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIA \u2013 Institute of Applied Research, CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Centro, Av. Fern\u00e3o de Magalh\u00e3es, Coimbra, 3000-177 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3055-0885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIA \u2013 Institute of Applied Research, CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Centro, Av. Fern\u00e3o de Magalh\u00e3es, Coimbra, 3000-177 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Dam\u00e1sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Regantes e Benefici\u00e1rios do Vale do Lis, Quinta do Picoto, Leiria, 2425-492 Souto da Carpalhosa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Play\u00e1n, E., Sagardoy, J.A., and Castillo, R. (2018). Irrigation governance in developing countries: Current problems and solutions. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10091118"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.06.028","article-title":"A database program for enhancing irrigation district management in the Ebro valley (Spain)","volume":"87","author":"Cavero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schaack, J., Wilson, D.S., and Anderson, S.S. (1989). 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