{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:30:03Z","timestamp":1775665803527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things asserts that several applications, such as smart cities or intelligent agriculture, can be based on various embedded systems programmed to do different tasks, by transferring data over a network from sensors to a server, where the information is stored and treated, supporting the decision-making process. In this context, LoRaWAN is an accurate network topology based on a wireless technology called LoRa that is capable of transmitting small data rates at a long range, using low-powered devices, making it ideal for the acquisition of climate variables, such as temperature and relative humidity. Applying this architecture to agriculture buildings can be very useful to guarantee indoor thermal comfort conditions. In this study, this technology is applied to a passive solar system composed by a high thermal inertia wall, defined as Trombe wall, with air vents provided in the massive wall to improve heat transfer by air convection, and an external shading device to avoid overheating during summer and heat losses during winter. It is intended to analyze the possibility to control the interiortemperature of a poultry brooding house given that, in the early stages of life, chickens need accurate climate conditions in order to enhance their growth and reduce their mortality rate. In brief, temperature values acquired by different sensors placed on the Trombe wall travel through a LoRaWAN wireless network and are received by an application that controls the actuators, in this case, the opening and closing of the Trombe wall air vents, while the external shading device is controlled locally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering3040054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1635767258000},"page":"853-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of a Wireless System to Control a Trombe Wall for Poultry Brooding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9534-505X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECT\u2014School of Sciences and Technologies, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4451-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Briga-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECT\u2014School of Sciences and Technologies, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CQ-VR\u2014Center of Chemistry of Vila Real, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5798-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECT\u2014School of Sciences and Technologies, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CRIIS\u2014Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems, Technology and Science, INESC-TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4314\/just.v33i2.5","article-title":"Evaluation of a Modified Passive Solar Housing System for Poultry Brooding","volume":"33","author":"Nwakonobi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. (Ghana)"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Okonkwo, W.I., and Akubuo, C.O. (August, January 29). Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Trombe Wall Poultry Chick Brooding House. Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Detroit, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2007.125.130","article-title":"Trombe wall system for poultry brooding","volume":"6","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ahmed, O.K. (2020). Recent Advances in Photovoltaic-Trombe Wall System: A Review. Renewable Energy [Working Title], IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.06.018","article-title":"Experimental and analytical approach on the Trombe wall thermal performance parameters characterization","volume":"150","author":"Lanzinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.12.085","article-title":"An experimental analysis of the Trombe wall temperature fluctuations for high range climate conditions: Influence of ventilation openings and shading devices","volume":"138","author":"Lanzinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briga-S\u00e1, A., Paiva, A., Lanzinha, J.C., Boaventura-Cunha, J., and Fernandes, L. (2021). Influence of Air Vents Management on Trombe Wall Temperature Fluctuations: An Experimental Analysis under Real Climate Conditions. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14165043"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"de Sousa Fernandes, L.P. (2017). Defini\u00e7\u00e3o de um Sistema de Controlo e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o para Otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o do Desempenho T\u00e9rmico da Parede de Trombe. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailov, M.S., and Strelkov, N.O. (2019, January 14\u201315). Application of Wi-Fi and LoRa Technologies for Wireless Measurement of Physical Quantities. Proceedings of the 2019 International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/REEPE.2019.8708837"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Valerio, P. (2021, September 30). Top Wireless Standards for IoT Devices, Blog. Available online: https:\/\/iot.eetimes.com\/top-wireless-standards-for-iot-devices\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khakimov, A., Muthanna, A., Kirichek, R., Koucheryavy, A., and Muthanna, M. (2017, January 1\u20133). Investigation of methods for remote control IoT-devices based on cloud platforms and different interaction protocols. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), St. Petersburg\/Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIConRus.2017.7910518"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"A technical overview of LoRa\u00ae and LoRaWAN\u2122 (2020, July 02). Technical Paper from Semtech. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/what-is-lorawan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6931083","article-title":"LoRa Performance under Variable Interference and Heavy-Multipath Conditions","volume":"2018","author":"Staniec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Team, The Things Network Global (2020, July 05). LoRaWAN\u00ae Distance World Record Broken, Twice. 766 km (476 miles) Using 25 mW Transmission Power. Blog., Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsnetwork.org\/article\/lorawan-distance-world-record."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ray, B., and What Is LoRa? A Technical Breakdown (2020, July 05). Blog. Available online: https:\/\/www.link-labs.com\/blog\/what-is-lora."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustin, A., Yi, J., Clausen, T.H., and Townsley, W. (2016). A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091466"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauridsen, M., Vejlgaard, B., Kovacs, I.Z., Nguyen, H., and Mogensen, P. (2017, January 19\u201322). Interference Measurements in the European 868 MHz ISM Band with Focus on LoRa and SigFox. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925650"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Springer, A., Gugler, W., Huemer, M., Reindl, L., Ruppel, C., and Weigel, R. (2000, January 19). Spread spectrum communications using chirp signals. Proceedings of the IEEE\/AFCEA EUROCOMM 2000. Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security (Cat. No.00EX405), Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). What are LoRa\u00ae and LoRaWAN\u00ae?. Tech Paper., Available online: https:\/\/lora-developers.semtech.com\/library\/tech-papers-and-guides\/lora-and-lorawan\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). LoRaWAN Architecture, Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsnetwork.org\/docs\/lorawan\/architecture.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). LoRaWAN Spreading Factor, Range, DATA rate in LoRa System. Available online: https:\/\/www.rfwireless-world.com\/Terminology\/LoRaWAN-Spreading-factor-Range-and-Data-Rate.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). Limitations: Data Rate, Packet Size, 30 s Uplink and 10 Messages Downlink per day Fair Access Policy [Guidelines], Forum. Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsnetwork.org\/forum\/t\/fair-use-policy-explained\/1300."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lie, R. (2021, September 29). LoRa\/LoRaWAN Tutorial 19: LoRa End Nodes. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vMMFCxzSP_s&t=6s."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"SX1272\/3\/6\/7\/8: LoRa Modem Designer\u2019s Guide (2021, September 28). Designer\u2019s Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.rs-online.com\/designspark\/rel-assets\/ds-assets\/uploads\/knowledge-items\/application-notes-for-the-internet-of-things\/LoRa%20Design%20Guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). LoRa\u00ae Gateways, Semtech\u2019s Products Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.semtech.com\/products\/wireless-rf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). Network Security, Forum. Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsnetwork.org\/docs\/network\/security\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"React App (2021, September 29). Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/thingspeak\/react-app.html."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ThingHTTP App (2021, September 29). Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/thingspeak\/thinghttp-app.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.01.016","article-title":"A numerical and experimental analysis of the air vent management and heat storage characteristics of a trombe wall","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pfeffer, Z. (2021, September 29). DevEUI, AppEUI (JoinEUI) and AppKey. Available online: https:\/\/www.centennialsoftwaresolutions.com\/post\/deveui-appeui-joineui-and-appkey."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). Security. Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsnetwork.org\/docs\/lorawan\/security.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2020, August 02). LoRaWAN\u2122 SECURITY, White Paper. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/lorawan_security_whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, September 29). ThingHTTP, Forum. Available online: https:\/\/community.thingspeak.com\/documentation...\/apps\/thinghttp\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Raftery, H. (2020, August 04). LoRaWAN: OTAA or ABP? 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.newieventures.com.au\/blogtext\/2018\/2\/26\/lorawan-otaa-or-abp."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Pycom Go Invent (2021, September 29). LoPy4 Version 1.1, Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/docs.pycom.io\/gitbook\/assets\/specsheets\/Pycom_002_Specsheets_LoPy4_v2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"The Things Network (2021, September 29). The Things Gateway Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.farnell.com\/datasheets\/2552236.pdf?_ga=2.173850791.580724957.1597865279-1450960015.1597865279."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, E.D., and Project Title (2021, September 29). GitHub Page. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/erikdelange\/WiPy-2.0-DHT22.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-6464-5_3"}],"container-title":["AgriEngineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-7402\/3\/4\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:04Z","timestamp":1760167384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-7402\/3\/4\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["agriengineering3040054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriengineering3040054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-7402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-7402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]}}}