{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:54:20Z","timestamp":1775159660661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GreenHealth: Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GreenHealth: Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean basin is abundant in wild edible species with numerous health beneficial effects due to the presence of various bioactive phytochemicals. In the present work, the effect of nitrogen fertilization rates (0 ppm, (N0), 200 ppm (N1), 400 ppm (N2), and 600 ppm (N3) of total N) and growth substrate composition (soil or peat\/perlite (2\/1; v\/v)) on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of Centaurea raphanina ssp. mixta plants was evaluated. The results of the study showed that both the tested factors affected nutritional value of the edible leaves, with the soil \u00d7 N1 treatment being the most beneficial for fat, protein, and carbohydrate content and energetic value. On the other hand, the peat\/perlite-grown plants that received 200 ppm of N had the highest content in \u03b1-, \u03b3-, and total tocopherols, while the control treatment of soil-grown plants was the richest in individual and total sugars. Oxalic, citric, and total organic acids were the highest in the N2 \u00d7 soil treatment, while malic acid was the highest in control treatment of the same substrate. The main fatty acids were palmitic, \u03b1-linolenic, and linoleic acids, with the highest contents being observed in the N0 \u00d7 soil, N3 \u00d7 soil, and N3 \u00d7 peat\/perlite treatments, respectively. The major phenolic compounds were pinocembrim neohesperidoside and pinocembrim acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II, with the highest content being observed in the N1 \u00d7 soil treatment. The highest antihemolytic activity was observed in the N3 \u00d7 peat\/perlite treatment, while the most effective treatments against lipid peroxidation were N0 (in both soil and peat\/perlite combinations) and N1 \u00d7 peat\/perlite. Lastly, all the tested extracts (except for N1 \u00d7 soil) showed promising cytotoxic effects against HeLa (cervical carcinoma), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), and NCI-H460 (non-small-cell lung cancer), while all the tested extracts exhibited better antifungal activities (lower minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values) against Trichoderma viride than the positive controls. Overall, the present results suggest that the application of cost-effective practices such as the nitrogen application and the selection of growth substrate may regulate the chemical composition and the bioactive properties of C. raphanina ssp. mixta species and increase its added value under commercial cultivation conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1616067666000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Growing Substrate and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Chemical Composition and Bioactive Properties of Centaurea raphanina ssp. mixta (DC.) Runemark"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Calhelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina D.","family":"Sokovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. F. R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzopoulou, E., Carocho, M., Di Gioia, F., and Petropoulos, S.A. (2020). The beneficial health effects of vegetables and wild edible greens: The case of the mediterranean diet and its sustainability. Appl. 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