{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:21Z","timestamp":1760235861103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenomenological expression showing crop yield to be directly dependent on water deficiency, under saline conditions, has encouraged a continued focus on salinity as a viable approach to increase crop yields. This work reassesses crop response to availability of saline soil water ASW in two stages (A) Develop a simple approach suggesting that permanent wilting point (WP) increases under high saline soil water tension and relative yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var longifolia Lam., cv. Nevada) and maize (Zea mays L., cv. Jubilee sweet) decrease. (B) Using a deterministic numerical soil water model to validate the theory on Bermuda grass of golf courses. The experimental plots were established in the North Negev, Israel (Sweet corn) and the Algarve, Portugal (Lettuce and Bermuda grass covering the golf courses). Sprinkler irrigation and line source techniques were used for water application, creating a saline gradient under a precise irrigation water distribution. Two salinity empirical models were tested (Mass and Hoffman MH and van Genuchten\u2013Gupta vGG). Their empirical models were modified and instead of soil electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECe) we used wilting point (WP) and RASW to follow the changes in relative yield. The validation was conducted with theoretical soil plant atmosphere water (SPAW) to predict the results on golf courses. It is concluded that an alternative S-shaped response model provides better fit to our experimental data sets. Modified MH model (Yr = Y\/Ymax = a \u2217 (ASW\u2013threshold\u2019s constant) revealed that a single dimensionless curve could be used to express yield\u2014salinity interference when represented by varying ASW. The vGG model: vGG can represent salt tolerance of most crops, by using varying wilting point of average root zone salinity, at which the yield has declined by 50%. The abscissa of both models was based on WP rather than the standard soil electrical conductivity (ECw). The correlation between the experimental data and WP or relative available soil water (RASW) was acceptable and, therefore, their usefulness for prediction of relative yield is acceptable as well. The objectives of this study were: 1. To develop a simple model describing the effect of salinity through soil water availability on crop production; 2. To replace the standard varying soil electrical conductivity ECe used by MH and vGG models by two soil parameters (at wilting point- \u03b8wp and at field capacity \u03b8fc) in order to describe the relationship between them and relative yield. 3. Validate the new model with respect to independent salinity on Golf courses and a mathematical deterministic model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11102012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T09:24:04Z","timestamp":1633598644000},"page":"2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Crop Response to Combined Availability of Soil Water and Its Salinity Level: Theory, Experiments and Validation on Golf Courses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiftah","family":"Ben-Asher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Beltrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Professor Doutor Joaquim Ver\u00edssimo Serr\u00e3o, Casa de Portugal e de Cam\u00f5es, 2005 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulom","family":"Bekmirzaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Irrigation and Melioration, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Kori-Niyoziy Str. 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinclair, T.M. 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