{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:06:18Z","timestamp":1776132378101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014141","name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Novas pr\u00e1ticas em olivais de sequeiro: estrat\u00e9gias de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Novas pr\u00e1ticas em olivais de sequeiro: estrat\u00e9gias de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CITAB","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strategies for waste valorisation from domestic and agro-industrial activities must be pursued, and its use as a soil amendment is an interesting possibility. In this four-year study, the effect of applying municipal solid waste (MSW), farmyard manure (FYM), bottom wood ash supplemented with nitrogen (Ash + N), the inorganic fertilization common in the region (50 kg ha\u22121 N, P2O5 and K2O) (Control) and this inorganic fertilization supplemented with 70 kg N ha\u22121 (High N) was assessed in a rainfed olive grove planted in a shallow soil with low organic matter and managed with conventional tillage. The High N treatment significantly increased olive yield in comparison to the other treatments (165% more than MSW), and soil available N proved to be the main driver for tree productivity. MSW and FYM increased soil organic matter, as well as the levels of phosphorus and cation exchange capacity, leaving good indications for future production cycles, although during the four years of the study these treatments provided little N to the trees. The High N treatment significantly reduced soil organic matter (63% less than MSW). The result was attributed in part to the soil management system that did not allow the development of herbaceous vegetation, but also to an effect known as \u201cadded N interaction\u201d, in which the excess of inorganic N in the soil might have contributed to accelerate the mineralization of native soil organic matter, an aspect that compromises the sustainability of this fertilization strategy. Although MSW and wood ash are sometimes associated with risks of environmental contamination with heavy metals, in this study the levels of heavy metals in soils and in plant tissues were not of concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11112172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1635465028000},"page":"2172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Inorganic Fertilization at High N Rate Increased Olive Yield of a Rainfed Orchard but Reduced Soil Organic Matter in Comparison to Three Organic Amendments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o I.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte, 5370-347 Mirandela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1563-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Collaborative Laboratory Mountains of Research (MORE), Brigantia Ecopark, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4813-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Collaborative Laboratory Mountains of Research (MORE), Brigantia Ecopark, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Moutinho-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Soraia","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Arrobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel \u00c2ngelo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-358 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.09.033","article-title":"Living within their means: Reallocation of farm resources can help smallholder farmers improve crop yield and soil fertility","volume":"216","author":"Rusinamhodzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. 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