{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:05:56Z","timestamp":1776528356776,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. It is also one of the most globally traded commodities. Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, is the most important disease affecting Arabica coffee growing worldwide, leading to significant yield losses if no control measures are applied. A deep understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in coffee-H. vastatrix interactions, such as the pathogen variability and the mechanisms governing plant resistance and susceptibility, is required to breed efficiently for durable resistance and design new approaches for crop protection. Here we summarize our current understanding across multiple areas related to pathogen infection, variability and candidate effectors, breeding for disease resistance, and the various components of the coffee immune system, by reviewing a comprehensive body of research on CLR and the advances recently made. We also update information about the defense responses activated by the application of plant resistance inducers, a promising alternative to fungicides in the control of CLR. Moreover, we identify and discuss future directions for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1643194973000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved in Coffee-Hemileia vastatrix Interactions: Plant and Pathogen Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1628-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria do C\u00e9u","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-1036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Guerra-Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0193-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Azinheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"V\u00e1rzea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Coffee Organization (ICO) (2019). 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