{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:05:48Z","timestamp":1771916748505,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the World Heritage C\u00f4a region, in northern Portugal, agriculture has crucial economic, social and cultural importance. Vineyards and olive groves are part of the economic base of this region, contributing to the regional commercial budget and the livelihood of its residents. Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on these crops, where climatic conditions are already very warm and dry, posing a key threat to the olive oil and winemaking sectors. The present study analyzes the impact of climate change on the potential yield of these two crops over the C\u00f4a region. For this purpose, two crop models were initialized and ran with state-of-the art spatial datasets for climate, soil, terrain, and plant data. As outputs of the crop models, potential yields of grapevines and olive trees were obtained for the recent-past (1981\u20132005) and for the future (2041\u20132070), under two climatic scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results (potential yield) were then normalized, taking into account the recent-past maximum yields and divided into four classes (low, low-moderate, moderate-high, and high). For the recent-past, the results of the crop models present a high agreement with the current location of vineyards and olive groves. For the future, two different types of impacts (positive and negative) are found for the two crops. For olive trees, the results show promising future improvements in possible expansion areas within the C\u00f4a region. However, for grapevines, the results show a decrease in potential yields throughout the region, including a strong shift of producing moderate zones to low potentials. Nonetheless, these results also suggest that the negative impacts of climate change can be alleviated by the application of suitable adaptation measures, based on changing certain management practices, even in the more severe future scenario. Therefore, these measures should be carefully planned and implemented in a timely fashion by farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Future Scenarios for Olive Tree and Grapevine Potential Yields in the World Heritage C\u00f4a Region, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0636-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa R.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aureliano C.","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6237","article-title":"Climate change projections for olive yields in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"40","author":"Fraga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga, H., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., and Santos, J.A. (2021). Mediterranean Olive Orchards under Climate Change: A Review of Future Impacts and Adaptation Strategies. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11010056"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leolini, L., Costafreda-Aumedes, S., Santos, J.A., Menz, C., Fraga, H., Molitor, D., Merante, P., Junk, J., Kartschall, T., and Destrac-Irvine, A. (2020). Phenological Model Intercomparison for Estimating Grapevine Budbreak Date (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113800"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga, H., Molitor, D., Leolini, L., and Santos, J.A. (2020). What Is the Impact of Heatwaves on European Viticulture? A Modelling Assessment. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093030"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107349","article-title":"Assessing the grapevine crop water stress indicator over the flowering-veraison phase and the potential yield lose rate in important European wine regions","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2014). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314437111","article-title":"Fine-scale ecological and economic assessment of climate change on olive in the Mediterranean Basin reveals winners and losers","volume":"111","author":"Ponti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106193","article-title":"Olive tree irrigation as a climate change adaptation measure in Alentejo, Portugal","volume":"237","author":"Fraga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1071\/CP11172","article-title":"Transformational adaptation: Agriculture and climate change","volume":"63","author":"Rickards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-019-00414-4","article-title":"Climate change and agriculture in South Asia: Adaptation options in smallholder production systems","volume":"22","author":"Aryal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.003","article-title":"Multi-level governance and power in climate change policy networks","volume":"54","author":"Fatorelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/03066150.2017.1312355","article-title":"Climate-smart agriculture: What is it good for?","volume":"45","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Peasant Study"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2006.11.003","article-title":"Development of an ENSO-based irrigation decision support tool for peanut production in the southeastern US","volume":"55","author":"Paz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/cr034071","article-title":"Utility of dynamical seasonal forecasts in predicting crop yield","volume":"34","author":"Semenov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.09.015","article-title":"Crop yield reduction in the tropics under climate change: Processes and uncertainties","volume":"148","author":"Challinor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2016.06.002","article-title":"Reducing risks to food security from climate change","volume":"11","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur.-Agric. Policy Econ. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222463110","article-title":"Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison","volume":"111","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2012.09.009","article-title":"Yield gap analysis with local to global relevance-A review","volume":"143","author":"Cassman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2010.11.003","article-title":"Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change","volume":"34","author":"Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.12.016","article-title":"Modelling olive trees and grapevines in a changing climate","volume":"72","author":"Moriondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/met.1318","article-title":"Potential shifts in olive flowering according to climate variations in Southern Italy","volume":"20","author":"Orlandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Met. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2009.03.006","article-title":"A comparison of the climate risks of cereal, citrus, grapevine and olive production in Spain","volume":"101","author":"Quiroga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011893411266","article-title":"Effect of agrometeorological parameters on the phenology of pollen emission and production of olive trees (Olea europea L.)","volume":"17","author":"Moriondo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"385","article-title":"Olive flowering phenology variation between different cultivars in Spain and Italy: Modeling analysis","volume":"95","author":"Orlandi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"685","article-title":"Better prediction of Mediterranean olive production using pollen-based models","volume":"34","author":"Oteros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-015-9375-5","article-title":"Airborne-pollen maps for olive-growing areas throughout the Mediterranean region: Spatio-temporal interpretation","volume":"31","author":"Aguilera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.03.002","article-title":"Chilling and forcing model to predict bud-burst of crop and forest species","volume":"126","author":"Cesaraccio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.02.009","article-title":"Modelling olive flowering date using chilling for dormancy release and thermal time","volume":"125","author":"Barranco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2019.02.002","article-title":"A simple model simulating development and growth of an olive grove","volume":"105","author":"Moriondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.028","article-title":"Simulation of olive fruit yield in Tuscany through the integration of remote sensing and ground data","volume":"244","author":"Maselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2005.10.008","article-title":"Modelling potential growth and yield of olive (Olea europaea L.) canopies","volume":"24","author":"Villaobos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.208","article-title":"Olive yield as a function of soil moisture dynamics","volume":"5","author":"Viola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1105-8","article-title":"Growing degree hours\u2014A simple, accurate, and precise protocol to approximate growing heat summation for grapevines","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.11.024","article-title":"Accuracy, robustness and behavior of the STICS soil\u2013crop model for plant, water and nitrogen outputs: Evaluation over a wide range of agro-environmental conditions in France","volume":"64","author":"Coucheney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12074","article-title":"ORCHIDEE-STICS, a process-based model of sugarcane biomass production: Calibration of model parameters governing phenology","volume":"6","author":"Valade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gcb Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Description and testing of a weather-based model for predicting phenology, canopy development and source\u2013sink balance in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Barbera","volume":"184","author":"Cola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Watson, R.T. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.776","article-title":"The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project","volume":"137","author":"Compo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2010.00100.x","article-title":"Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape-growing regions in Australia","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2012.46.3.1515","article-title":"Analysis of Viticulture Region Climate Structure and Suitability in New Zealand","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2010.61.3.313","article-title":"Spatial Analysis of Climate in Winegrape Growing Regions in the Western United States","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"COS (2021, November 15). Carta de Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo, Available online: https:\/\/dados.gov.pt\/pt\/datasets\/carta-de-uso-e-ocupacao-do-solo-cos-2018-rdf-projeto-cross-forest-land-use-land-cover-map-cos-2018-rdf-cross-forest-project\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Menz, C., Fraga, H., Reis, S., Machado, N., Malheiro, A.C., and Santos, J.A. (2021). Simultaneous Calibration of Grapevine Phenology and Yield with a Soil\u2013Plant\u2013Atmosphere System Model Using the Frequentist Method. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11081659"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0474-9","article-title":"Climatic indices in the interpretation of the phenological phases of the olive in mediterranean areas during its biological cycle","volume":"116","author":"Orlandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Brisson, N., Launay, M., Mary, B., and Beaudoin, N. (2008). Conceptual Basis, Formalisations and Parameterization of the STICS Crop Model, Editions Quae."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda de Cortazar-Atauri, I. (2006). Adaptation du Mod\u00e8le STICS \u00e0 la Vigne (Vitis vinifera L.). Utilisation Dans le Cadre D\u2019une \u00c9tude D\u2019impact du Changement Climatique \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9chelle de la France. [Ph.D. Thesis, SupAgro]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2015.15031","article-title":"Modeling Phenology, Water Status, and Yield Components of Three Portuguese Grapevines Using the STICS Crop Model","volume":"66","author":"Fraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2009.43.1.806","article-title":"Modelling Soil Water Content and Grapevine Growth and Development with the Stics Crop-Soil Model under Two Different Water Management Strategies","volume":"43","author":"Celette","year":"2009","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3354\/cr018195","article-title":"Impact of local climate variability on crop model estimates in the south-east of France","volume":"18","author":"Courault","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"229","article-title":"Local impact of increasing Co2 in the atmosphere on maize crop water productivity in the Drome valley, France","volume":"57","author":"Mailhol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Brisson, N., and Levrault, F. (2010). Climate change, agriculture and forests in France: Simulations of the impacts on the main species. The Green Book of the CLIMATOR Project (2007\u20132010), Green Book Climator ADEME."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2017.07.001","article-title":"The ECOMS User Data Gateway: Towards seasonal forecast data provision and research reproducibility in the era of Climate Services","volume":"9","author":"Bedia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Serv."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"FAO\/IIASA\/ISRIC\/ISSCAS\/JRC (2012). Harmonized World Soil Database (Version 1.2), IIASA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360090504","article-title":"Linking parameters across scales: Subgrid parameterizations and scale dependent hydrological models","volume":"9","author":"Beven","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Ringrose-Voase, A., Young, R., Paydar, Z., Huth, N., Bernardi, A., Cresswell, H., Keating, B.A., Scott, J., Stauffacher, M., and Banks, R. (2003). Deep Drainage under Different Land Uses in the Liverpool Plains Catchment, NSW Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Chapman, D.C., and Lake, D.W. (2003). Computing Runoff. New York Standards and Specifications for Erosion and Sediment Control, Springer."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"293","article-title":"A User-Orientated Model of the Soil Water Balance in Wheat","volume":"Volume 86","author":"Day","year":"1985","journal-title":"Wheat Growth and Modelling"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"627","article-title":"Quelques donn\u00e9es sur la variabilit\u00e9 dans le milieu naturel de la r\u00e9serve en eau des sols","volume":"324\u2013325","author":"Jamagne","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull. Technol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, C., Dinis, L.T., Moutinho-Pereira, J., and Correia, C.M. (2019). Drought Stress Effects and Olive Tree Acclimation under a Changing Climate. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8070232"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.128.3.0425","article-title":"Yield responses of a mature olive orchard to water deficits","volume":"128","author":"Moriana","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-018-3585-x","article-title":"Assessing hydraulic redistribution with the compensated average gradient heat-pulse method on rain-fed olive trees","volume":"425","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa245","article-title":"The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: Towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance","volume":"71","author":"Gambetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2006.00123.x","article-title":"Deficit irrigation in grapevine improves water-use efficiency while controlling vigour and production quality","volume":"150","author":"Chaves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-017-0714-3","article-title":"Improvement of grapevine physiology and yield under summer stress by kaolin-foliar application: Water relations, photosynthesis and oxidative damage","volume":"56","author":"Dinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2986","article-title":"The yield and berry quality under different soil tillage and clusters thinning treatments in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon","volume":"5","author":"Bahar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2018.04.006","article-title":"Vineyard mulching as a climate change adaptation measure: Future simulations for Alentejo, Portugal","volume":"164","author":"Fraga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"39","article-title":"Climate Change Projections for the Portuguese Viticulture Using a Multi-Model Ensemble","volume":"27","author":"Fraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. T\u00e9c. Vitiv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Costa, R., and Fraga, H. (2018). New insights into thermal growing conditions of Portuguese grapevine varieties under changing climates. Theor. Appl. Clim.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2443-3"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1051\/ctv\/20173202142","article-title":"Multivariate Clustering of Viticultural Terroirs in the Douro Winemaking Region","volume":"32","author":"Fraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. T\u00e9c. Vitiv."}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/2\/350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:15Z","timestamp":1760134275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/2\/350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy12020350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy12020350","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]}}}