{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:30:20Z","timestamp":1767904220876,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109079\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109079\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of seed coating salt-stressed tomato with the bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans BOA4 and\/or irrigation with an extract of the marine algae Enteromorpha intestinalis (EI) is herein evaluated. The plant shoots and roots were harvested separately on day 50, following extensive saline stress. The addition of BOA4 and\/or EI extract resulted in an average increase of 33% in plant shoot DW, but an averaged decrease of 44% in the root to shoot biomass ratio. Anthocyanin content increased by over 34% and 44% with EI and BOA4 plus EI treatments, respectively. Since enhanced protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) is a known plant response to salt stress, the PTN level was inspected through 3-nitrotyrosine content determination. This was drastically increased by salt stress; however, BOA4, EI or both caused an averaged PTN decrease of 30% in stressed roots or shoots. This PTN response could be associated with tomato phenotypic characteristics and is postulated to be inversely correlated to cytokinin contents in stressed plants, namely cis-zeatin-type-cis-zeatin (cZ) plus cis-zeatin riboside (cZR), and isopentenyladenine (iP). The latter showed a drastic average increase by 3.6-fold following BOA4 and\/or EI treatments of salinized tomato. This increment could be related to cytokinin biosynthesis induced by the applied bio-stimulants; IP and derivatives are the main cytokinins in seaweeds, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans BOA4 was shown to produce up to 17.5 pmol mL\u22121 of isopentenyladenine. This work is the first report on the influence of bio-stimulants, used to improve salt stress tolerance, on plant PTN levels; BOA4 and\/or EI treatments decreased PTN, while increasing cis-zeatin-type and iP cytokinins in tomato, the latter showed an enhanced tolerance to salt stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12040934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:33:42Z","timestamp":1649885622000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enteromorpha intestinalis Extract Improve Tomato Growth under Salt Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5712-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida Maria","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C-2, Piso 5, Sala 03, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8718-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C-2, Piso 5, Sala 03, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1966-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel M.","family":"Zamarre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4707-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre (SNVST), Universit\u00e9 Akli Mohand Oulhadj, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C-2, Piso 5, Sala 03, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2011.605739","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling of Plants Under Salt Stress","volume":"30","author":"Jamil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. 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