{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:41:52Z","timestamp":1778341312847,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"]}]},{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"]}]},{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"]}]},{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"]}]},{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CoaClimateRisk project","award":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Investment Funds","award":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COA\/CAC\/0030\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/COMPETE\/POCI"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04033\/2013"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/00447\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chestnut tree is an important forestry species worldwide, as well as a valuable food resource. Over recent years, Portugal has shown an increasing trend in chestnut tree area, as well as increases in production, hinting at the socioeconomic relevance of this agro-forestry species. In this study, bioclimatic indices are applied to analyse the spatial distribution of chestnut trees in mainland Portugal, namely growing degree days (GDD; 1900\u20132400 \u00b0C), annual mean temperature (AMT; 8\u201315 \u00b0C), summer days with maximum temperature below 32 \u00b0C (NTX), and annual precipitation (PRE; 600\u20131600 mm). These indices are assessed for the baseline (IBERIA01, 1989\u20132005) and future climates (EURO-CORDEX: 2021\u20132040, 2041\u20132060, and 2061\u20132080) under two forcing pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), also taking into account the chestnut tree land cover. For the baseline, the GDD showed only 10% suitability for chestnut tree cultivation in southern Portugal, whereas much higher values are found in the north of the country, and at higher altitudes (50\u201390%). For the AMT, higher elevation areas in northern Portugal show almost 100% suitability. Concerning NTX, the suitability reduces from the west (100\u201390%) to the east (40%). Regarding PRE, the suitability is heterogeneous throughout the territory, with areas under 50%. A new Chestnut Suitability Index (CSI) was then computed, which incorporates information from the four previous indices. The CSI reveals a suitability ranging from 100 to 75% in the north, while central and southern Portugal show values from 25 to 50%. For future climates, a progressive reduction in CSI was found, particularly for RCP8.5 and in the long-term period. Changes in bioclimatic conditions may restrict the 100% suitability to a narrow area in the north of the country. These reductions in chestnut bioclimatic suitability may have socio-economic and ecological implications for the management of the important agro-forestry species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12051137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Climate Change Projections for Bioclimatic Distribution of Castanea sativa in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa R.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Agronomy, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9466-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2010.08.003","article-title":"Study of morphological and phenological diversity in chestnut trees (\u201cJudia\u201d variety) as a function of temperature sum","volume":"70","author":"Dinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.04.036","article-title":"Evaluating progress of chestnut quality: A review of recent developments","volume":"113","author":"Massantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, March 10). FAOSTAT Crops. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, T.R., Santos, J.A., Silva, A.P., and Fraga, H. (2021). Influence of climate change on chestnut trees: A review. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10071463"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-019-00283-z","article-title":"Effect of silicon fertilization on the tolerance of Castanea sativa Mill. seedlings against Cryphonectria parasitica Barr","volume":"127","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ferreira-Cardoso, J., Portela, E., and Abreu, C.G. (2007). Castanheiros. Programa Agro, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M., Fraga, H., Belo-Pereira, M., and Santos, J.A. (2019). Assessment of growing thermal conditions of main fruit species in Portugal based on hourly records from a weather station network. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183782"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021, March 15). Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral do Territ\u00f3rio Cartografia de Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo\u20142007. Available online: http:\/\/www.dgterritorio.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2009.06.002","article-title":"Diversity and fruiting pattern of macrofungi associated with chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes region (Northeast Portugal)","volume":"3","author":"Baptista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.06.020","article-title":"Study of the temperature effect in three chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cultivars\u2019 behaviour","volume":"163","author":"Peixoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2019.1579757","article-title":"Productivity, chemical composition and sensory quality of \u201cMarta\u00ednha\u201d chestnut variety treated with Silicon","volume":"17","author":"Vilela","year":"2019","journal-title":"CYTA J. Food"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106199","article-title":"Influence of climate variations on primary production indicators and on the resilience of forest ecosystems in a future scenario of climate change: Application to sweet chestnut agroforestry systems in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"113","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2010.512394","article-title":"Study of morphological and chemical diversity in chestnut trees (var. \u201cjudia\u201d) as a function of temperature sum","volume":"9","author":"Dinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CYTA J. Food"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-014-9456-2","article-title":"Effects of soil nutrients and environmental factors on site productivity in Castanea sativa Mill. coppice stands in NW Spain","volume":"46","author":"Majada","year":"2015","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.06.004","article-title":"Response of chestnut phenology in China to climate variation and change","volume":"180","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2009074-1097","article-title":"Morphological and phenological description of 38 sweet chestnut cultivars (Castanea sativa Miller) in a contemporary collection","volume":"7","year":"2009","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-020-01152-z","article-title":"Interactions between land use, pathogens, and climate change in the Monte Pisano, Italy 1850\u20132000","volume":"36","author":"Casazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119320","article-title":"How future-proof is Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in a global change context?","volume":"494","author":"Conedera","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bellat, J.-L., Dasue, J., Gu\u00e9rin, B., Gomes-Laranjo, J., Fernandez, J., Castelloti, T., Beccaro, G., and Forget, L. (2019). European Chestnut White Paper, EUROCASTANEA\/AREFLH."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1835-6","article-title":"Climate change impacts on thermal growing conditions of main fruit species in Portugal","volume":"140","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.109958","article-title":"Scientia Horticulturae Efficient monitoring of phenology in chestnuts","volume":"281","author":"Larue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2014.963116","article-title":"Assessment of Boron Application in Chestnuts: Nut Yield and Quality","volume":"38","author":"Portela","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0344-x","article-title":"From climate change impacts to the development of adaptation strategies: Challenges for agriculture in Europe","volume":"112","author":"Iglesias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-2729-2011","article-title":"Assessment of weather-related risk on chestnut productivity","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-010-0173-x","article-title":"The responses of agriculture in Europe to climate change","volume":"11","author":"Bindi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga, H., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., and Santos, J.A. (2020). Mediterranean Olive Orchards under Climate Change: A Review of Future Impacts and Adaptation Strategies. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11010056"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-0980-9","article-title":"Implications of future bioclimatic shifts on Portuguese forests","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.689121","article-title":"Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Chilling and Forcing for the Main Fresh Fruit Regions in Portugal","volume":"12","author":"Fraga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6248","article-title":"Bioclimatic conditions of the Portuguese wine denominations of origin under changing climates","volume":"40","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga, H., Guimar, N., Freitas, T.R., Malheiro, A.C., and Santos, J.A. (2022). Future Scenarios for Olive Tree and Grapevine Potential Yields in the World Heritage C\u00f4a Region, Portugal. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020350"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraga, H., Guimar\u00e3es, N., and Santos, J.A. (2019). Future changes in rice bioclimatic growing conditions in Portugal. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9110674"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106193","article-title":"Olive tree irrigation as a climate change adaptation measure in Alentejo, Portugal","volume":"237","author":"Fraga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1701_331341","article-title":"Phenological plasticity in berberis lycium royle along temporal and altitudinal gradients","volume":"17","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5741","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6185","article-title":"Climate change impact on a wine-producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices","volume":"39","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6237","article-title":"Climate change projections for olive yields in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"40","author":"Fraga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, March 31). EURO-CORDEX Data European nodes. Available online: https:\/\/esgf-data.dkrz.de\/search\/cordex-dkrz\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0151-4","article-title":"RCP4.5: A pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100","volume":"109","author":"Thomson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Barredo, J.I., Caudullo, J.I., and Mauri, G. (2017). Mediterranean Habitat Loss under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Climate Change Projections, Publications Office of the European Union. Assessing impacts on the Nature 2000 protected area network, EUR 28547 EN."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2017.07.001","article-title":"The ECOMS User Data Gateway: Towards seasonal forecast data provision and research reproducibility in the era of Climate Services","volume":"9","author":"Bedia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Serv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2012.00886.x","article-title":"Modelling chestnut biogeography for American chestnut restoration","volume":"18","author":"Fei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1837","article-title":"Bioclimatic mapping using geostatistical approaches: Application to mainland Portugal","volume":"29","author":"Mesquita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"682","article-title":"Maximum-Minimum temperatures as a basis for computing heat units","volume":"76","author":"Arnold","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Henriques, C., and Borges, A. (2017). O Castanheiro:Estado da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro Nacional de Compet\u00eancias dos Frutos Secos."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"179","article-title":"Response, Tolerance and Adaptation to Abiotic Stress of Olive, Grapevine and Chestnut in the Mediterranean Region: Role of Abscisic Acid, Nitric Oxide and MicroRNAs","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plants Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"13","article-title":"Assessing potential changes of Chestnut productivity in Europe under future climate conditions","volume":"14","author":"Calheiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Magness, J.R., and Traub, H.P. (1941). Climatic adaptation of fruit and nut crops. Climate and Man, University Press of the Pacific."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04688-8","article-title":"Elevated atmospheric humidity prolongs active growth period and increases leaf nitrogen resorption efficiency of silver birch","volume":"193","author":"Rosenvald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/asl2.485","article-title":"Climate change multi-model projections for temperature extremes in Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J., Fraga, H., Fonseca, A., and Santos, J.A. (2021). Climate projections for precipitation and temperature indicators in the douro wine region: The importance of bias correction. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11050990"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840100107","article-title":"Use of bioclimatic indexes to characterize phenological phases of apple varieties in Northern Italy","volume":"45","author":"Valentini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2491","article-title":"Weather response of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) radical growth increment in Belgrad forest","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.10.006","article-title":"Impacts of future climate change on California perennial crop yields: Model projections with climate and crop uncertainties","volume":"141","author":"Lobell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00edguez-Soto, B., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz, J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, J. (2019). Mediterranean and northern Iberian gene pools of wild Castanea sativa Mill. Are two differentiated ecotypes originated under natural divergent selection. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211315"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-17-0215.1","article-title":"High-resolution temperature datasets in Portugal from a geostatistical approach: Variability and extremes","volume":"57","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0528-3","article-title":"Climate change scenarios for precipitation extremes in Portugal","volume":"108","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-017-1695-7","article-title":"Observed Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes at Annual Timescale over the Eastern Mediterranean during 1961\u20132012","volume":"175","author":"Mathbout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.866.36","article-title":"Drought sensitivity of Castanea sativa: Case study of summer 2003 in the Southern Alps","volume":"866","author":"Conedera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.04.047","article-title":"Irrigation positively affects the chestnut\u2019s quality: The chemical composition, fruit size and sensory attributes","volume":"238","author":"Mota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/5\/1137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:07:58Z","timestamp":1760137678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/5\/1137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy12051137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy12051137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]}}}