{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:27:29Z","timestamp":1776425249613,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mankind\u2019s strong dependence on nitrogen (N) began when we started farming and, ever since, we have depended on nitrogen in the soil for plant production. More than a century has passed since the discovery of N as an element until the advent of synthetic fertilizers. Today, after a century of Haber\u2013Bosch innovation, many other endeavors and challenges can be launched to understand how the effects of N in the environment can be perceived as \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018bad\u2019. All this knowledge evolution was truly dependent on the scientific advances, both technological and methodological, and particularly on the approaches at the micro and macro level. As with nearly everything in our lives (e.g., events, people, food, decisions, world history), we tend to use the dichotomy \u2018good or bad\u2019 to categorize, and scientific advances are no exception. The integration of scientific and technological advances allows us to move beyond this simple dichotomy \u2018good or bad\u2019 and to make choices. Here, we review the main marks in understanding plant nutrition throughout time, with special emphasis on N, from the Greeks to the most recent trends in the 21st century. Since improving plant N use efficiency is a main avenue to meet several Sustainable Developmental Goals (e.g., SDG2 zero hunger, SDG12 responsible production and consumption, SDG15 life on land), the European Green Deal, and The Farm to Fork strategy, we propose that the ecological principles must be integrated in agro-ecosystem management. During the last 40 years, our research group has contributed to: (i) the clarification of the so-called dichotomy of choices when it comes to the environmental effects of N; and (ii) fetching natural solutions for N manmade problems. This was based on the knowledge that life is a continuous symbiotic interplay between mutualism and parasitism depending on environmental conditions and that there is a need for feeding people, assuring food quality and diminishing environmental impacts. We argue that, as a society, we have the scientific and technological means to learn from nature and to apply the ecological rules in agro-ecosystems. However, this is a choice we must make as individuals and as a society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12071632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T22:11:47Z","timestamp":1657231907000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integrating Ecological Principles for Addressing Plant Production Security and Move beyond the Dichotomy \u2018Good or Bad\u2019 for Nitrogen Inputs Choice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5883-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Am\u00e9lia","family":"Martins-Lou\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Change-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5421-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Change-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Change-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Turner, B.L., Clark, W.C., Kates, R.W., Richards, J.F., Mathews, J.T., and Meyer, W.B. (1990). Land transformation. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years, CUP Archive."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20133382","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3382","article-title":"Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia","volume":"281","author":"Spengler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6565","article-title":"Accounting for soil biotic effects on soil health and crop productivity in the design of crop rotations","volume":"95","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562238","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.562238","article-title":"The Free-Living Stage Growth Conditions of the Endophytic Fungus Serendipita indica May Regulate Its Potential as Plant Growth Promoting Microbe","volume":"11","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Nitrogen Cascade","volume":"53","author":"Galloway","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman, J.W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., and Grizzetti, B. (2011). The European Nitrogen Assessment, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-31.2.126","article-title":"Nitrogen and Food","volume":"31","author":"Smil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.190","article-title":"Death by suffocation in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"281","author":"Malakoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-112414-055037","article-title":"The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.31.060180.001323","article-title":"The mineral nutrition of higher plants","volume":"31","author":"Clarkson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fageria, N.K. (2016). The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420075113"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"29","article-title":"Chemical innovation in plant nutrition in a historical continuum from ancient Greece and Rome until modern times","volume":"21","author":"Antonkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem.-Didact.-Ecol.-Metrol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Finck, A. (1982). Fertilizers and Fertilization. Introduction and Practical Guide to Crop Fertilization, Verlag Chemie."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"569","article-title":"Fizjologia ro\u015blin: Jak by\u0142o wczoraj, jak jest dzi\u015b, a co przyniesie jutro?","volume":"63","author":"Starck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kosmos"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0039-8","article-title":"Benefits of plant silicon for crops: A review","volume":"32","author":"Guntzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"32","article-title":"The water-culture method for growing plants without soil","volume":"347","author":"Hoagland","year":"1950","journal-title":"Circular. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02370094","article-title":"Biological nitrogen fixation: A scientific perspective","volume":"108","author":"Burris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"123","article-title":"Misja nauk chemicznych w zr\u00f3wnowa\u017conym rozwoju","volume":"1","author":"Marciniec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nauka"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of fertilization with farmyard manure, municipal sewage sludge and compost from biodegradable waste on yield and mineral composition of spring wheat grain","volume":"17","author":"Gondek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Elem."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Voisin, A. (1965). Fertilizer Application. Soil, Plant, Animal, Crosby Lockwood."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2014.06.026","article-title":"Accumulation of artificial radionuclides in agricultural plants in the area used for surface nuclear tests","volume":"137","author":"Kozhakhanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2017.08.008","article-title":"Reconciling the Mitscherlic\u2019s law of diminishing returns with Liebig\u2019s law of the minimum. Some results on crop modeling","volume":"293","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01015","article-title":"Enhancing the crops to feed the poor","volume":"418","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on yielding and zinc content in seeds of winter rape \u2018Baldur\u2019 cultivar","volume":"20","author":"Lepiarczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05212.x","article-title":"The effect of nitrogen source on photosynthesis of carob at high CO2concentrations","volume":"89","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy043","article-title":"The Amount of Nitrogen Used for Photosynthesis Modulates Molecular Evolution in Plants","volume":"35","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Heffer, P., and Prud\u2019homme, M. (2016, January 4\u20138). Global nitrogen fertilizer demand and supply: Trend, current level and outlook. Proceedings of the Solutions to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency for the World, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-012420-045120","article-title":"The Human Creation and Use of Reactive Nitrogen: A Global and Regional Perspective","volume":"46","author":"Galloway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674","article-title":"Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions","volume":"320","author":"Galloway","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02033.x","article-title":"Using lichen functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands","volume":"48","author":"Pinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-1205-2012","article-title":"Critical loads of nitrogen deposition and critical levels of atmospheric ammonia for semi-natural Mediterranean evergreen woodlands","volume":"9","author":"Pinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.10.027","article-title":"N-driven changes in a plant community affect leaf-litter traits and may delay organic matter decomposition in a Mediterranean maquis","volume":"58","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107576118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107576118","article-title":"Opinion: A \u201cmore ammonium solution\u201d to mitigate nitrogen pollution and boost crop yields","volume":"118","author":"Subbarao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169309364511","article-title":"Growth and nutrition of carob plants as affected by nitrogen sources","volume":"16","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05211.x","article-title":"Interactions between nitrate and ammonium during uptake by carob seedlings and the effect of the form of earlier nitrogen nutrition","volume":"89","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05209.x","article-title":"Nitrogen assimilation and transport in carob plants","volume":"89","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169309364629","article-title":"The effect of root temperature on carob growth. Nitrate versus ammonium nutrition","volume":"16","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05210.x","article-title":"Uptake of ammonium and nitrate by carob (Ceratonia siliqua) as affected by root temperature and inhibitors","volume":"89","author":"Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-00998","article-title":"Nitrogen use efficiency by a slow-growing species as affected by CO2 levels, root temperature, N source and availability","volume":"160","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-005-0155-2","article-title":"How does glutamine synthetase activity determine plant tolerance to ammonium?","volume":"223","author":"Cruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00073-X","article-title":"The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrieval","volume":"3","author":"Gazzarrini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(97)00123-8","article-title":"Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use efficiency from improved lowland rice germplasm","volume":"56","author":"Ladha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Field Crop Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10085","article-title":"Untangling the molecular mechanisms and functions of nitrate to improve nitrogen use efficiency","volume":"100","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx079","article-title":"Genetic variation in traits for nitrogen use efficiency in wheat","volume":"68","author":"Hawkesford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625915","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.625915","article-title":"Genetic Variation for Nitrogen Use Efficiency Traits in Global Diversity Panel and Parents of Mapping Populations in Pearl Millet","volume":"12","author":"Pujarula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1086\/285282","article-title":"Is interspecific variation in relative growth rate positively correlated with biomass allocation to the leaves?","volume":"138","author":"Poorter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2307\/2390504","article-title":"The causes of inherently slow growth in alpine plants: An analysis based on the underlying carbon economies of alpine and lowland Poa species","volume":"10","author":"Atkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004785331462","article-title":"Influx, efflux and net uptake of nitrate in Quercus suber seedlings","volume":"221","author":"Mata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.12.007","article-title":"Heterogeneity of soil surface ammonium concentration and other characteristics, related to plant specific variability in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem","volume":"154","author":"Cruz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-193-2012","article-title":"The strength of the biotic compartment in retaining nitrogen additions prevents nitrogen losses from a Mediterranean maquis","volume":"9","author":"Dias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0628-3","article-title":"Linking N-driven biodiversity changes with soil N availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"341","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, T., Clemente, A., Martins-Lou\u00e7\u00e3o, M., Sheppard, L., Bobbink, R., and Cruz, C. (2014). Ammonium as a Driving Force of Plant Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Observations Based on 5 Years\u2019 Manipulation of N Dose and Form in a Mediterranean Ecosystem. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092517"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2784","article-title":"Alleviating Nitrogen limitation in Mediterranean maquis vegetation leads to ecological degradation","volume":"28","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.05.028","article-title":"N fertilization in a Mediterranean ecosystem alters N and P turnover in soil, roots and the ectomycorrhizal community","volume":"113","author":"Ulm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107947","article-title":"Nitrogen inputs may improve soil biocrusts multifunctionality in dryland ecosystems","volume":"149","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1995.tb00824.x","article-title":"Uptake regions of inorganic nitrogen in roots of carob seedlings","volume":"95","author":"Cruz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-003-0254-5","article-title":"Functional aspects of root architecture and mycorrhizal inoculation with respect to nutrient uptake capacity","volume":"14","author":"Cruz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycorrhiza"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.1997.0524","article-title":"Changes in the morphology of roots and leaves of carob seedlings induced by nitrogen source and atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"80","author":"Cruz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2007.01022.x","article-title":"Nitrogen nutrition and antioxidant metabolism in ammonium-tolerant and -sensitive plants","volume":"132","author":"Lamsfus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0856-1","article-title":"Patterns of nitrate reductase activity vary according to the plant functional group in a Mediterranean maquis","volume":"347","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-015-2552-z","article-title":"Plant tolerance of ammonium varies between co-existing Mediterranean species","volume":"395","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/47.Special_Issue.1255","article-title":"Effect of mineral nutritional status on shoot-root partitioning of photoassimilates and cycling of mineral nutrients","volume":"47","author":"Marschner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Srivastava, H.S., and Singh., R.P. (1999). The Role of Nitrogen Source in Carbon Balance. Modes of Nitrogen Nutrition in Higher Plants, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1071\/FP15249","article-title":"Shoot\u2013root carbon allocation, sugar signalling and their coupling with nitrogen uptake and assimilation","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz129","article-title":"Nitric oxide and plant mineral nutrition: Current knowledge","volume":"70","author":"Buet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"39","article-title":"The role of long-distance signalling in plant responses to nitrate and other nutrients","volume":"53","author":"Forde","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab555","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization modulates beneficial rhizosphere interactions through signaling effect of nitric oxide","volume":"188","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01106761","article-title":"Nitrate induction in spruce: An approach using compartmental analysis","volume":"196","author":"Kronzucker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"207","article-title":"K+ recirculation in plants and its importance for adequate nitrate reduction","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Samish","year":"1970","journal-title":"Recent Advances in Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1971.tb03493.x","article-title":"Nitrate uptake by roots as regulated by nitrate reduction products of the shoot","volume":"24","author":"Vaadia","year":"1971","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syrett, P.J., Ulrich, W.R., Aparicio, P.J., and Castillo, F. (1987). K+modulation of nitrogen uptake and assimilation in plants. Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71890-8"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Martins-Lou\u00e7\u00e3o, M., and Lips, S.H. (2000). New approaches to enhanced ammonium assimilation in plants. Nitrogen in a Sustainable Ecosystem: From the Cell to the Plant, Backhuys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.06.006","article-title":"Belowground microbes mitigate plant-plant competition","volume":"262","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2016.04.008","article-title":"Review: Mechanisms of ammonium toxicity and the quest for tolerance","volume":"248","author":"Esteban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2010.09.014","article-title":"Intra-specific variation in pea responses to ammonium nutrition leads to different degrees of tolerance","volume":"70","author":"Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariz, I., Cruz, C., Moran, J.F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Moro, M.B., Garc\u00eda-Olaverri, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Murua, C., Martins-Lou\u00e7\u00e3o, M.A., and Aparicio-Tejo, P.M. (2011). Depletion of the heaviest stable N isotope is associated with NH4+\/NH3 toxicity in NH4+-fed plants. BMC Plant Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-11-83"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3599","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar3599","article-title":"Nitrogen isotope signature evidences ammonium deprotonation as a common transport mechanism for the AMT-Mep-Rh protein superfamily","volume":"4","author":"Ariz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78862-3","article-title":"Permeation of ammonia across bilayer lipid membranes studied by ammonium ion selective microelectrodes","volume":"72","author":"Antonenko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06652.x","article-title":"Identification of a high affinity NH4+ transporter from plants","volume":"13","author":"Ninnemann","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Martins-Lou\u00e7\u00e3o, M.A., and Lips, S. (2000). Nitrogen from the Cell to the Plant: Recent Progress and Perspectives, Backhuys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(05)87003-8","article-title":"Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereal Production: Retrospects and Prospects","volume":"Volume 87","author":"Ladha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, J.S., Barber, M., Adams, M., Agboola, J.I., Allen, E.B., Bealey, W.J., Bobbink, R., Bobrovsky, M.V., Bowman, W.D., and Branquinho, C. (2014). The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7939-6_49"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004779019486","article-title":"A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon. 1. Comparative ecological implications of ammonium-nitrate interactions","volume":"220","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"123","article-title":"Nitrogen availability and plant cover: The importance of nitrogen pools","volume":"Volume 18\u201319","author":"Tiezzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Iv, Vols 1 and 2"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33802-1_17","article-title":"Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency May Be Improved Through Symbiosis with Piriformospora indica","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Varma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Piriformospora Indica"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, M.A., Mason, K.E., Sheppard, L.J., Sverdrup, H., Haeuber, R., and Hicks, W.K. (2014). Species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Spores can Indicate Increased Nitrogen Availability in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7939-6"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12225-011-9252-5","article-title":"Policies for plant diversity conservation on a global scale: A SWOT analysis","volume":"65","author":"Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kew Bull."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"FAO (2015). Climate Change and Food Security: Risks and Responses, FAO."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrencia, D., Wong, S.K., Low, D.Y., Goh, B.H., Goh, J.K., Ruktanonchai, U.R., Soottitantawat, A., Lee, L.H., and Tang, S.Y. (2021). Controlled Release Fertilizers: A Review on Coating Materials and Mechanism of Release. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020238"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110398","article-title":"New strategies to overcome water limitation in cultivated maize: Results from sub-surface irrigation and silicon fertilization","volume":"263","author":"Besharat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6175-6","article-title":"The use of reed canary grass and giant miscanthus in the phytoremediation of municipal sewage sludge","volume":"23","author":"Antonkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.069","article-title":"Sustainable urban agriculture using compost and an open-pollinated maize variety","volume":"212","author":"Ulm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12285","article-title":"Effect of low-temperature biochar derived from pig manure and poultry litter on mobile and organic matter-bound forms of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in sandy soil","volume":"32","author":"Gondek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-66","article-title":"Biofertilizers function as key player in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance and crop productivity","volume":"13","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2016.09.008","article-title":"Effect of seed treatment duration on growth and colonization of Vicia faba by endophytic Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum","volume":"103","author":"Jaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2020.02.001","article-title":"Chapter Two-Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms","volume":"Volume 162","author":"Sparks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190590","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0590","article-title":"Symbiosis and stress: How plant microbiomes affect host evolution","volume":"375","author":"Hawkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.038","article-title":"When the exception becomes the rule: An integrative approach to symbiosis","volume":"672","author":"Munzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-020-03496-x","article-title":"Inoculation with the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae promotes growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency in rice","volume":"252","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, Z.A. (2006). Ecology of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4152-7"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18016","article-title":"Plant-microbiome interactions under a changing world: Responses, consequences, and perspective","volume":"34","author":"Trivedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.12.025","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species differ in their capacity to overrule the soil\u2019s legacy from maize monocropping","volume":"125","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas\u00edlio, F., Dias, T., Santana, M., Melo, J., Carvalho, L., Correia, P., and Cruz, C. (Appl. Soil Ecol., 2022). Multiple modes of action are needed to unlock soil phosphorus fractions unavailable for plants: The example of bacteria- and fungi-based biofertilizers, Appl. Soil Ecol., under review.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2022.104550"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.43.032904.092924","article-title":"Commercialization and Implementation of Biocontrol","volume":"43","author":"Fravel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2019.104102","article-title":"Establishment of Beauveria bassiana as a fungal endophyte in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) seedlings and its virulence against pecan insect pests","volume":"140","author":"Ramakuwela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3232-z","article-title":"Crop management as a driving force of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria physiology","volume":"5","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01947","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Accumulation: The Evolutionary Trigger for Phytopathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Santana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00572-016-0686-3","article-title":"Biochemical and ecophysiological responses to manganese stress by ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and in association with Eucalyptus grandis","volume":"26","author":"Canton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycorrhiza"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"68","article-title":"Natural occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana as a vertically transmitted endophyte of Pinus radiata and its effect on above- and below-ground insect pests","volume":"69","author":"Lefort","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Z. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","article-title":"The One Health Concept: 10\u2009Years Old and a Long Road Ahead","volume":"5","author":"Mavingui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0793-y","article-title":"The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops","volume":"3","author":"Savary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13273","article-title":"Global projections of the soil microbiome in the Anthropocene","volume":"30","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiab148","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab148","article-title":"Small-scale agricultural grassland management can affect soil fungal community structure as much as continental scale geographic patterns","volume":"97","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104264","article-title":"Soil bacteria respond to regional edapho-climatic conditions while soil fungi respond to management intensity in grasslands along a European transect","volume":"170","author":"Barreiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba7115","article-title":"Crossing thresholds on the way to ecosystem shifts","volume":"367","author":"Hirota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/11\/115003","article-title":"Nitrogen footprints: Past, present and future","volume":"9","author":"Galloway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo325","article-title":"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world","volume":"1","author":"Erisman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.062","article-title":"Ecological impacts of atmospheric pollution and interactions with climate change in terrestrial ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin: Current research and future directions","volume":"227","author":"Munzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03180-140232","article-title":"Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity","volume":"14","author":"Steffen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259855","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259855","article-title":"Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet","volume":"347","author":"Steffen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.868.12","article-title":"The influence of plant co-culture of tomato plants with Piriformospora indica on biomass accumulation and stress tolerance","volume":"868","author":"Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.03.003","article-title":"Drought stress obliterates the preference for ammonium as an N source in the C4 plant Spartina alterniflora","volume":"213","author":"Hessini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115099","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal traits are good indicators of soil multifunctionality in drylands","volume":"397","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/7\/1632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:44:06Z","timestamp":1760139846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/12\/7\/1632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy12071632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy12071632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}