{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:34:16Z","timestamp":1777905256311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto da Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e da L\u00edngua","award":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Instituto da Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e da L\u00edngua","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto da Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e da L\u00edngua","award":["UIDP\/04035\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/202"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Brasileira de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Brasileira de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Brasileira de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["UIDP\/04035\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/202"]}]},{"name":"Parque Nacional da Gorongosa","award":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Parque Nacional da Gorongosa","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Parque Nacional da Gorongosa","award":["UIDP\/04035\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/202"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04035\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/202"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/135357\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["UIDP\/04035\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coffea arabica L. is as a tropical crop that can be grown under monocrop or agroforestry (AFS) systems, usually at altitudes greater than 600 m, with suitable environmental conditions to bean quality. This study aimed to assess the effect of altitude (650, 825, and 935 m) and light conditions (deep shade\u2014DS, and moderate shade\u2014MS provided by native trees, and full Sun\u2014FS) on the physical and chemical attributes of green coffee beans produced in the Gorongosa Mountain. Regardless of altitude, light conditions (mainly MS and FS) scarcely affected most of the studied physical and chemical attributes. Among the few exceptions in physical attributes, bean mass tended to lower values under FS in all three altitudes, whereas bean density increased under FS at 650 m. As regards the chemical compound contents, sporadic changes were found. The rises in trigonelline (MS and FS at 935 m), soluble sugars (FS at 935 m), and the decline in p-coumaric acid (MS and FS at 825 m), may indicate an improved sensory profile, but the rise in FQAs (FS at 825 m) could have a negative impact. These results highlight a relevant uncertainty of the quality changes of the obtained bean. Altitude (from 650 to 935 m) extended the fruit maturation period by four weeks, and altered a larger number of bean attributes. Among physical traits, the average sieve (consistent tendency), bean commercial homogeneity, mass, and density increased at 935 m, whereas the bean became less yellowish and brighter at 825 and 935 m (b*, C* colour attributes), pointing to good bean trade quality, usually as compared with beans from 650 m. Furthermore, at 935 m trigonelline and 5-CQA (MS and FS) increased, whereas FQAs and diCQAs isomers declined (in all light conditions). Altogether, these changes likely contributed to improve the sensory cup quality. Caffeine and p-coumaric acid showed mostly inconsistent variations. Overall, light conditions (FS, MS, or DS) did not greatly and consistently altered bean physical and chemical attributes, whereas altitude (likely associated with lower temperature, greater water availability (rainfall\/fog), and extended maturation period) was a major driver for bean changes and improved quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Shade and Altitude Implications on the Physical and Chemical Attributes of Green Coffee Beans from Gorongosa Mountain, Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crimildo T.","family":"Cassamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (NOVASBE), 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharias e Tecnologias, Campus da Lhanguene, Universidade Pedag\u00f3gica de Maputo, Av. do Trabalho, Maputo 248, Mozambique"}]},{"given":"Adilson V. J.","family":"Mangueze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio E.","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel P.","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Diversity-Adaptation-Development of Plants (UMR DIADE), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Chiulele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Vegetal (PPV), Faculdade de Agronomia e Eng. Florestal, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Av. Julius Nyerere\/Campus, Maputo 3453, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio O.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Naturais (CECEN), Department de Biologia (DBio), Universidade Estadual do Maranh\u00e3o (UEMA), Av. Louren\u00e7o Vieira da Silva, 1000, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Paulo VI, Jardim S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65055-310, MA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Scotti-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Lidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio L.","family":"Partelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio do. Norte do Esp\u00edrito Santo (CEUNES), Department Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Biol\u00f3gicas (DCAB), Universidade Federal Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km. 60, Bairro Litor\u00e2neo, S\u00e3o Mateus 29932-540, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Ribeiro-Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12225-021-09952-5","article-title":"Six new species of coffee (Coffea) from northern Madagascar","volume":"76","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kew Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.v27i2.19468","article-title":"Perspectives on the potential impacts of climate changes on coffee plant and bean quality","volume":"27","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, June 01). 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