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Originating from Brazil, the plant was introduced into Africa, India, and Southeast Asia and is nowadays found across most of the tropical regions. However, the diseases that threaten and compromise crop production have not yet been comprehensively documented. The aim of this study was to examine the published scientific data on cashew diseases, to identify current knowledge gaps, and to present a review of the most important diseases and pathogens affecting cashew productivity. The most described diseases are caused by fungi genera\u2014mainly Colletotrichum, Lasiodiplodia, and Erysiphe (worldwide); Cryptosporiopsis (East Africa); and recently Fusarium in Tanzania. Other fungal genera (e.g., Septoria, Pilgeriella, and Pestalotia) may correspond to emerging local cashew diseases that have not yet expanded to other geographic regions or for which records are lacking. Gummosis (Lasiodiplodia spp.), which is considered the most prevalent and damaging disease of cashew, has a pantropical distribution. There is large discrepancy concerning the causal agents of cashew diseases that might be explained by the lack of proper species identification through morpho-cultural and molecular approaches. This, in turn, can easily lead to misdiagnoses that have serious negative consequences for the implementation of specific control actions. It is important to establish a standardized identification workflow that will allow a reliable identification of the disease-causing agent and to determine the occurrence and\/or expansion of a given pathogen across cashew-producing regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Disease-Causing Agents in Cashew: A Review in a Tropical Cash Crop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Romeiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Barnab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIFC\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Sebastiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Instituto de Biosistemas e Ci\u00eancias Integrativas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, K.P. 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