{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:38:05Z","timestamp":1767109085351,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ASHMOB","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MUSSELFLOW","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MEDWATERICE","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Research Center","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RISCO\u2014Research Centre for Risks and Sustainability in Construction","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-029351","PTDC\/BIA-EVL\/29199\/2017","PRIMA\/0006\/2018","UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","UIDB\/04450\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When direct flow velocity measurements are not feasible, the use of tracers can be a valuable tool. In the present study, both laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the applicability of quinine as a fluorescent tracer for estimating mean sheet flow velocities in different ambient light and surface morphology conditions. Quinine excels in low-light conditions when exposed to UVA light. This tracer was compared with dye and thermal tracers, all in liquid form. In these tracing techniques the tracers were injected into the flow, after which surface velocity was estimated by tracking the leading edge of the tracer plumes and applying a correction factor to calculate the mean velocity (in a water column). The visibility of the tracers was evaluated by measuring the relative luminance and contrast ratio of the quinine and dye tracer plumes. Results show that the quinine tracer can be used to estimate sheet flow velocities over a wide variety of soil and urban surfaces; it has better visibility in comparison to the dye tracer but, in some conditions, lower visibility than the thermal tracer. Although quinine is invisible under bright ambient light conditions, this tracer technique requires low-cost experimental setup and is useful in low-light conditions (e.g., night; twilight; shielded environments).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T23:45:00Z","timestamp":1667087100000},"page":"2687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimating Sheet Flow Velocities Using Quinine as a Fluorescent Tracer: Bare, Mulched, Vegetated and Paved Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Soheil","family":"Zehsaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Pole MARE\u2013UCoimbra, Polo II University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. M. P.","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Pole MARE\u2013UCoimbra, Polo II University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5134-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Isabel P.","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Pole MARE\u2013UCoimbra, Polo II University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6901-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M. G. P.","family":"Isidoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Pole MARE\u2013UCoimbra, Polo II University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO\u2013Research Center for Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90003-X","article-title":"A salt tracing method for measuring channel velocities in small mountain streams","volume":"11","author":"Calkins","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. 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