{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:40:58Z","timestamp":1774014058408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-27-166-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-27-166-43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhizomes of ginger are commonly used as a spice and for home remedies in either fresh or dry form. This study aimed to assess the effect of sun drying on the volatile constituents, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and the antiviral activity of ginger against low-pathogenic human coronavirus. The antiviral effect of the major volatile compounds was predicted through molecular docking. GC\/MS was employed for profiling the volatile constituents of both fresh and dry ginger oils. Moreover, chemometric analysis was applied to discriminate between fresh and dry ginger and to investigate the correlation between their volatile constituents and the antiviral activity using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLS-R). GC\/MS analysis revealed that the major effects of the drying process were an increase in \u03b1-curcumene and \u03b2-sesquiphellandrene. Moreover, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of dried ginger decreased considerably. A PCA score plot revealed significant discrimination between fresh and dry ginger, with \u03b1-curcumene and 4-thujanol identified as the main discriminating markers. These findings were validated by in silico molecular docking studies, which revealed that the compounds under consideration had good drug-like characteristics. Thus, ginger is rich in valuable phytoconstituents which showed promising therapy in viral infections such as COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T02:43:51Z","timestamp":1667789031000},"page":"2763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of Sun Drying on Phytoconstituents and Antiviral Activity of Ginger against Low-Pathogenic Human Coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin A.","family":"Elkhawas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Haidy A.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Manar O.","family":"Lashkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roaa M.","family":"Khinkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohmmad Y.","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.085","article-title":"Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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