{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:49:29Z","timestamp":1769820569909,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Produtores de Ma\u00e7\u00e3\u2014ABPM (Brazilian Association of Apple Producers)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrogen (N) effect on crop yield depends on several factors such as soil type, climatic characteristics and orchard management, including plant density and N fertilization. These variables can be used to develop yield prediction models, which are scarce in the horticulture sector. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization, orchards and cultivars and to predict the yields of \u2018Royal Gala\u2019 and \u2018Fuji Suprema\u2019 apples cultivated in a subtropical climate under different soil N availabilities. During the four seasons, nitrogen fertilization was applied a rates of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121 for \u2018Royal Gala\u2019 and \u2018Fuji Suprema\u2019 apples located in southern Brazil. Yield, average fruit weight and leaf and fruit pulp N concentration were evaluated. Yield prediction models were developed based on the following variables: concentration of N in leaves and fruits, air temperature, chilling units, relative humidity and rainfall. \u201cCultivar\u201d was the variable responsible for the greatest variation of yield, followed by \u201cyears\/season\u201d, and then the \u201corchard management. The N rates applied in the four seasons did not predict crop yield. In the model, \u201corchard\u201d was the greatest determinant for leaf N concentration, and \u201cseason\u201d was the main determinant for fruit-pulp N concentration. Mathematical model (3), based on leaf and fruit pulp N concentration, and certain climatic variables (minimum air temperature, annual rainfall and chilling hours &lt; 7.2 \u00b0C) had the greatest potential for predicting yield in orchards of \u2018Royal Gala\u2019 and \u2018Fuji Suprema\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13020514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1676262778000},"page":"514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Yield Prediction Models for \u2018Royal Gala\u2019 and \u2018Fuji Suprema\u2019 Apple Varieties Cultivated under a Subtropical Climate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1796-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u00e7ador Experimental Station, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Agency of Santa Catarina (Epagri), Ca\u00e7ador 89501-032, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Clori","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Agency of Santa Catarina (Epagri), Ca\u00e7ador 89501-032, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean M.","family":"Moura-Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science Department of Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luiz Carlos","family":"Argenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u00e7ador Experimental Station, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Agency of Santa Catarina (Epagri), Ca\u00e7ador 89501-032, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moreno","family":"Toselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Forestry, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Carranca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, 2780-157 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Rech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Technology Hub, University of Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe (Uniarp), Ca\u00e7ador 89500-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanete Schneider","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Technology Hub, University of Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe (Uniarp), Ca\u00e7ador 89500-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3174-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science Department of Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009728125678","article-title":"Subsoils: Chemo-and biological denitrification, N2O and N2 emissions","volume":"52","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. 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