{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:54:04Z","timestamp":1777578844994,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestock farming produces high volumes of animal slurry that can be sanitized using low-cost treatments by pH adjustment, reducing pathogen contamination, and promoting slurry valorization as a safe fertilizer. This work aims to evaluate the impact of sandy soil amendment with dairy slurry treated by pH adjustment on the potential release of nutrients and coliforms into groundwater. A laboratory soil column leaching experiment was conducted and the surface application of six treatments was tested: raw dairy slurry, dairy slurry acidified with H2SO4, dairy slurry alkalinized with KOH, alkalinized\/neutralized dairy slurry, mineral fertilizer, and a control. The fertilizer application rate was 0.08 g N kg\u22121 dry soil. Leachates were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, N-NH4+ and N-NO3\u2212, macro- and micronutrients, and fecal coliforms. Results showed that amendment with dairy slurry led to significantly lower nitrate leaching potential than mineral fertilizer (maximum 16.1 vs. 50.4%). The use of hygienized slurry by alkalinization decreased the potential leaching of coliforms relative to raw slurry. However, incomplete sanitization by acidification strongly promoted coliform leaching and the risk of groundwater contamination. It can be concluded that the use of alkalinized dairy slurry is a safer solution than raw slurry with regard to the risk of groundwater pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13041176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T01:33:43Z","timestamp":1682040823000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Sandy Soil Amendment with Dairy Slurry Treated through pH Adjustment on Nutrient and Coliform Leaching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.035","article-title":"A Spatial Analysis of Biogas Potential from Manure in Europe","volume":"94","author":"Scarlat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02506-12","article-title":"Persistence and Leaching Potential of Microorganisms and Mineral N in Animal Manure Applied to Intact Soil Columns","volume":"79","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/SS.0b013e3181bccc85","article-title":"Association of Fecal Coliforms with Soil Aggregates: Effect of Water Content and Bovine Manure Application","volume":"174","author":"Guber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0929-1393(94)00039-A","article-title":"Pathogens in Livestock Waste, Their Potential for Movement through Soil and Environmental Pollution","volume":"2","author":"Mawdsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, J.H., and Conley, D.J. (2009). Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems: Towards Better Understanding and Management Strategies Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium on Research and Management of Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems, 20\u201323 June 2006, Nyborg, Denmark, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3385-7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2004.10702200","article-title":"Heat Inactivation of E. Coli During Manure Composting","volume":"12","author":"Hess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compost Sci. Util."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C.E., Mamphweli, S.N., Meyer, E.L., Makaka, G., Simon, M., and Okoh, A.I. (2016). An Overview of the Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle Manure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090843"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Martin, H.D. (2005). Manure Composting as a Pathogen Reduction Strategy."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76227-1","article-title":"Manure and Microbes: Public and Animal Health Problem?","volume":"80","author":"Pell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(00)00133-5","article-title":"Survival of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. Derived from Pig Slurry in Soils of Different Texture","volume":"17","author":"Cools","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004805","article-title":"Transport and Straining of E. Coli O157:H7 in Saturated Porous Media","volume":"42","author":"Bradford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2003.08.007","article-title":"Transport of Bacteria from Manure and Protection of Water Resources","volume":"25","author":"Unc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6828-7","article-title":"Non-Potable Use of Lisbon Underground Water: Microbiological and Hydrochemical Data from a 4-Year Case Study","volume":"190","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"52","article-title":"Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality: Towards an Integrated Management Approach","volume":"27","author":"Giglio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Ig. Med. Prev. E Comunit\u00e0."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, J., Alvarenga, P., Silva, A.C., Brito, L., Tavares, J., and Fangueiro, D. (2021). Animal Slurry Sanitization through pH Adjustment: Process Optimization and Impact on Slurry Characteristics. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030517"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"dos Santos, J.Q. (2015). Fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Fundamentos Agroambientais da Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos Adubos e Correctivos, Publind\u00fastria, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es T\u00e9cnicas."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.10.001","article-title":"Acidification of Animal Slurry\u2014A Review","volume":"149","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.027","article-title":"Impact of Slurry Management Strategies on Potential Leaching of Nutrients and Pathogens in a Sandy Soil Amended with Cattle Slurry","volume":"146","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(06)93001-6","article-title":"Agricultural Contributions of Antimicrobials and Hormones on Soil and Water Quality","volume":"Volume 93","author":"Sparks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.072","article-title":"Increased Risk of Phosphorus and Metal Leaching from Paddy Soils after Excessive Manure Application: Insights from a Mesocosm Study","volume":"666","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.04.026","article-title":"Nitrate Leaching through the Unsaturated Zone Following Pig Slurry Applications","volume":"316","author":"Mantovi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.10.0542","article-title":"Phosphorus Leaching in Soils Amended with Animal Manures Generated from Modified Diets","volume":"45","author":"Toor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113524","article-title":"Manure-Borne Pathogens as an Important Source of Water Contamination: An Update on the Dynamics of Pathogen Survival\/Transport as Well as Practical Risk Mitigation Strategies","volume":"227","author":"Alegbeleye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, Y. (1997). Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367802233"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mulvaney, R.L. (1996). Methods of Soil Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2018.08.011","article-title":"Band Application of Acidified Slurry as an Alternative to Slurry Injection in a Mediterranean Double Cropping System: Agronomic Effect and Gaseous Emissions","volume":"267","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.1965.10423724","article-title":"Prediction of Plant Response to Fertilisers by Means of Soil Tests","volume":"8","author":"Grigg","year":"1965","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"223","article-title":"A Comparison of Eight Extractants for the Determination of Plant Available Micronutrients in Soils","volume":"123","author":"Lakanen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Plant Production and Protection Division (2008). Guide to Laboratory Establishment for Plant Nutrient Analysis, FAO."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, September 08). Particle-Size Analysis\u2014Gee\u20141986\u2014SSSA Book Series\u2014Wiley Online Library. Available online: https:\/\/acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.04.032","article-title":"Treatment by acidification followed by solid-liquid separation affects slurry and slurry fractions composition and their potential of N mineralization","volume":"100","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2012.751787","article-title":"An Overview of the Kjeldahl Method of Nitrogen Determination. Part II. Sample Preparation, Working Scale, Instrumental Finish, and Quality Control","volume":"43","author":"Navas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for the Detection, Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella\u2014Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp (Standard No. ISO 6579-1:2017). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/cms\/render\/live\/en\/sites\/isoorg\/contents\/data\/standard\/05\/67\/72756712.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2015). ISO 16649-2; Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of 2-Glucoronidase-Positive Escherichia Coli\u2014Part 2: Colony-Count Technique at 44 Degrees Using 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl 2-D-Glucuronide [WWWDocument] (Standard No. ISO 16649-2). Available online: https:\/\/infostore.saiglobal.com\/en-us\/Standards\/GOST-ISO-16649-2-2015-551612_SAIG_GOST_GOST_1260029\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Greenburg, A. (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, July 19). Despacho n.o 1230\/2018|DRE. Available online: https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/despacho\/1230-2018-114627305."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75054-5","article-title":"On-Farm Quick Tests for Estimating Nitrogen in Dairy Manure1","volume":"83","author":"Reeves","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5","article-title":"A Note on the Estimation of Nutrient Value of Cattle Slurry Using Easily Determined Physical and Chemical Parameters","volume":"49","author":"Provolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ir. J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009760832696","article-title":"Nutrient Losses in Surface and Subsurface Flow from Pasture Applied Poultry Litter and Composted Poultry Litter","volume":"50","author":"Vervoort","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.07.023","article-title":"Surface Application of Acidified Cattle Slurry Compared to Slurry Injection: Impact on NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 Emissions and Crop Uptake","volume":"306","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2016.1239657","article-title":"Nutrient Status and Phytotoxicity Analysis of Goat Manure Discharged from Farms in South Korea","volume":"38","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107808","article-title":"Agronomic and Environmental Factors Influencing the Marginal Increase in Nitrate Leaching by Adding Extra Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer","volume":"327","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106786","article-title":"Autumn-Based Vegetation Indices for Estimating Nitrate Leaching during Autumn and Winter in Arable Cropping Systems","volume":"290","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.029","article-title":"Estimating Soil Nitrate Leaching of Nitrogen Fertilizer from Global Meta-Analysis","volume":"657","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"489","article-title":"Impact of Poultry Manure and Its Associated Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Spinach (Spinacea Oleracea) and Carrot (Daucus Carota)","volume":"12","author":"Mufwanzala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol. Pak."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2016.01.006","article-title":"Nitrogen Mineralization Dynamics of Different Valuable Organic Amendments Commonly Used in Agriculture","volume":"101","author":"Masunga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meers, E., Velthof, G.L., Michels, E., and Rietra, R.P.J.J. (2020). Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118921487"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, March 18). Eutrophication\u2014European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/signals-2000\/page014.html."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00152.x","article-title":"Nitrate Leaching and Pasture Yields Following the Application of Dairy Shed Effluent or Ammonium Fertilizer under Spray or Flood Irrigation: Results of a Lysimeter Study","volume":"14","author":"Di","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.04.018","article-title":"Low Nitrogen Leaching Losses Following a High Rate of Dairy Slurry and Urea Application to Pasture on a Volcanic Soil in Southern Chile","volume":"160","author":"Salazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.02.010","article-title":"Proportion, Composition and Potential N Mineralisation of Particle Size Fractions Obtained by Mechanical Separation of Animal Slurry","volume":"106","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.06.030","article-title":"Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils Amended with Acidified Pig Slurry and Derived Solid Fraction","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Roboredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.06.036","article-title":"Acidification of Animal Slurry Affects the Nitrogen Dynamics after Soil Application","volume":"281","author":"Fangueiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(03)00056-X","article-title":"Pig Slurry versus Mineral Fertilization on Corn Yield and Nitrate Leaching in a Mediterranean Irrigated Environment","volume":"21","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2006.00035.x","article-title":"Potential Loss of Nutrients from Different Rearing Strategies for Fattening Pigs on Pasture","volume":"22","author":"Eriksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.06.020","article-title":"Impact of Chemically Amended Pig Slurry on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Soil Properties and Leachate","volume":"128","author":"Healy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2013.02.006","article-title":"Nitrogen Leaching Losses after Biogas Residue Application to Maize","volume":"130","author":"Svoboda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1429-7","article-title":"Redox Potential (Eh) and PH as Drivers of Soil\/Plant\/Microorganism Systems: A Transdisciplinary Overview Pointing to Integrative Opportunities for Agronomy","volume":"362","author":"Husson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.005","article-title":"Phosphorus Vulnerability: A Qualitative Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of National and Regional Food Systems to the Multi-Dimensional Stressors of Phosphorus Scarcity","volume":"24","author":"Cordell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.03.025","article-title":"Improving Manure Nutrient Management towards Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in China","volume":"209","author":"Chadwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/478029a","article-title":"A Broken Biogeochemical Cycle","volume":"478","author":"Elser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010808108","article-title":"Agronomic Phosphorus Imbalances across the World\u2019s Croplands","volume":"108","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1093-0191(00)00037-X","article-title":"Manuring and Fertilization Effects on Phosphorus Accumulation in Soils and Potential Environmental Implications","volume":"5","author":"Hooda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2006.0003","article-title":"The Influence of Manure Phytic Acid on Phosphorus Solubility in Calcareous Soils","volume":"70","author":"Leytem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0317","article-title":"The Fate of Sulfate in Acidified Pig Slurry during Storage and Following Application to Cropped Soil","volume":"37","author":"Eriksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009745204647","article-title":"Nitrogen Utilization from Diluted and Undiluted Nitric Acid Treated Cattle Slurry Following Surface Application to Grassland","volume":"53","author":"Schils","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.05.014","article-title":"The PH Dependence of Phosphate Sorption and Desorption in Swedish Agricultural Soils","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0563","article-title":"Determination of Phosphorus Speciation in Dairy Manure Using XRD and XANES Spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2019.01.009","article-title":"Slurry Acidification and Anaerobic Digestion Affects the Speciation and Vertical Movement of Particulate and Nanoparticulate Phosphorus in Soil after Cattle Slurry Application","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"31","article-title":"The Effect of Acidified Slurry on Crop Uptake and Leaching of Nutrients from a Loamy Topsoil","volume":"70","author":"Loide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B Soil Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroth, G., and Sinclair, F.L. (2002). Trees, Crops and Soil Fertility: Concepts and Research Methods, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995939.0000"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Havlin, J. (1999). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management, Prentice Hall. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"13","article-title":"Leaching Losses of Micronutrient: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Forum\u2013Int. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02374613","article-title":"Effects of soil acidification and subsequent leaching on levels of extractable nutrients in a soil","volume":"95","author":"Haynes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2023, March 25). Decree-Law N\u00ba 236\/98 Establishing Quality Standards, Criteria and Objectives in Order to Protect the Aquatic Environment and Improve the Quality of Water According to Its Main Uses. Available online: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/por24403.pdf."}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/13\/4\/1176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:13Z","timestamp":1760124013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/13\/4\/1176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy13041176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy13041176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}