{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:26:52Z","timestamp":1771036012917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2023R134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The overuse of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in crop farming has led to a decrease in crop quality and negative impacts on soil and the environment. It is crucial to adopt alternative strategies to maintain soil and environmental quality while enhancing crop growth and yield. To explore this, a study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the effect of Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 alone, as well as in association with mycorrhizae (Rhizophagus irregularis) and endophytic fungus (Serendipita indica), on the growth, yield, and nutrient status of snap bean plants. At harvest, the rhizobial strain CIAT 899 demonstrated the highest effectiveness. It significantly increased the number of nodules in both Contender and Garrafal Enana varieties by 6.97% and 14.81%, respectively, compared with the control without inoculation. Furthermore, the results indicated that co-inoculation of Rhizobium and symbiotic fungi had positive effects on nitrogen content, phosphorus availability, and overall plant growth. Regardless of the variety, plants inoculated with R. tropici CIAT 899 and Serendipita indica exhibited the highest values for plant growth parameters. This combination resulted in 168% and 135% increases in root dry biomass, as well as 140% and 225% increases in the number of pods for Contender and Garrafal Enana, respectively, compared with the control at harvest. Additionally, this study highlights the potential benefits of combining R. tropici with either Serendipita indica or Rhizophagus irregularis in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. These symbiotic microorganisms demonstrated synergistic interactions with snap bean plants, leading to improved mineral nutrition and enhanced growth. Overall, these findings suggest that utilizing these symbiotic microorganisms can effectively enhance the mineral nutrition and growth of snap bean plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13102619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1697294322000},"page":"2619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Synergistic Interaction of Rhizobium tropici, Rhizophagus irregularis and Serendipita indica in Promoting Snap Bean Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hayet","family":"Beltayef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory: Support for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity in the Northwest Region, Higher School of Agriculture, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7119, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis 1054, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9976-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouna","family":"Mechri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Field Crops, Boussalem 8170, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory: Support for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity in the Northwest Region, Higher School of Agriculture, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7119, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taqi","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Hajri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Agricultural Production Systems and Sustainable Development, College of Agriculture, The University of Carthage, Mograne Zaghouan 1121, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Afef","family":"Othmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Crops Laboratory, LR20-INRAT-02, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Ariana 2049, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Khedija","family":"Bouajila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Management, Regional Commissary for Agricultural Development of Beja-Northern Tunisia, Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fisheries, Beja 9000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed Fathi","family":"Abd_Allah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8516-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mongi","family":"Melki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory: Support for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity in the Northwest Region, Higher School of Agriculture, University of Jendouba, El Kef 7119, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.108826","article-title":"Drought stress impact on agronomic, shoot, physiological, canning and nutritional quality traits of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions in Zimbabwe","volume":"292","author":"Mutari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.11.020","article-title":"Chemical composition, dietary fibre and resistant starch contents of raw and cooked pea, common bean, chickpea and lentil legumes","volume":"94","author":"Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Sheikha, A.F., Allam, A.Y., Taha, M., and Varzakas, T. 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