{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T19:58:52Z","timestamp":1771617532563,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2023JBGS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JBGS0003"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021YFC3201202-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3201202-05"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["52269014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52269014"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program, China","award":["2023JBGS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JBGS0003"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program, China","award":["2021YFC3201202-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3201202-05"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program, China","award":["52269014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52269014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023JBGS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JBGS0003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC3201202-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3201202-05"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52269014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52269014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to investigate the influence of freshwater fish ponds on water and salt transport in cultivated wasteland in salinized areas, a typical study area was selected in the middle and lower reaches of the Hetao Irrigation District in China in the Yichang Irrigation Domain, and the temporal and spatial changes in the salinity of soil and salinity of groundwater and fish pond water in the cultivated\u2013wasteland\u2013fish pond system were characterized through the monitoring of the environmental information of soil and groundwater at the boundaries of the cultivated land, wasteland, and fish ponds. Salinity changes and groundwater migration in different periods were determined, and the response of soil salinity to the depth of groundwater burial was analyzed, as well as the effect of fish ponds on soil salinization. The results showed that the amount of groundwater migrating from cropland to wasteland during the simulation period in 2022 was 2700 m3, the amount of groundwater migrating from wasteland to fish ponds was 630 m3, and the amount of groundwater migrating from fish ponds to wasteland during the fall watering period was 440 m3. From an overall perspective, the average soil salinity of wasteland was 1.56 times higher than that of the boundary of fish ponds. Not only do fish ponds play a positive role in the ecosystem, but they also have a desalinization effect that reduces soil salinity significantly. Groundwater depth and soil salinity have an exponential relationship; when the depth of groundwater is greater than 1.75 m, the soil salinity varies little with the depth of groundwater and the soil salinity is less than 0.66 ds\/m, which can be determined as the critical depth, and the average depth of groundwater in cultivated land in the study area is 1.5 m. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably control the water level of fish ponds, so as to make the groundwater depth of cultivated land control between 1.75 m and 2.0 m, and to prevent soil salinization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14010107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T13:02:58Z","timestamp":1704114178000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Water\u2013Salt Migration Patterns among Cropland\u2013Wasteland\u2013Fishponds in the River-Loop Irrigation Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cuicui","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2584-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.07.004","article-title":"Assessing basin irrigation and scheduling strategies for saving irrigation water and controlling salinity in the upper Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"93","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2023.108306","article-title":"Salts dynamics in maize irrigation in the Hetao plateau using static water table lysimeters and HYDRUS-1D with focus on the autumn leaching irrigation","volume":"283","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2020.155","article-title":"Influences of deficit irrigation on soil water content distribution and spring wheat growth in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia of China","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60463-6","article-title":"Water, salt and heat influences on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in seasonally frozen soils in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"29","author":"Mousong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-017-3093-y","article-title":"Soil salinization and critical shallow groundwater depth under saline irrigation condition in a Saharan irrigated land","volume":"10","author":"Hashemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.1746","article-title":"Optimum groundwater table depth and irrigation schedules for controlling soil salinity in central Iraq","volume":"62","author":"Qureshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01135-2","article-title":"Salinization of groundwater during 20 years of agricultural irrigation, Luxor, Egypt","volume":"44","author":"Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66858","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20492-8","article-title":"Pesticide contamination of fish ponds in relation to crop area in a mixed farmland-pond landscape (Dombes area, France)","volume":"29","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4067\/s0718-58392023000500525","article-title":"Effects of integrated rice-frog farming on soil bacterial community composition","volume":"83","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chil. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/1943815X.2010.542755","article-title":"Integrating livestock production with crops and saline fish ponds to reduce greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"8","author":"Ogburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Integr. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.243","article-title":"Small Water Bodies in Great Britain and Ireland: Ecosystem function, human-generated degradation, and options for restorative action","volume":"645","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"540","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of water and salt in cropland\u2014Saline alkali land\u2014Sand dunes\u2014Lake area based on SWAP model","volume":"35","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G.S., Xu, B., Tang, P.C., Shi, H.B., Tian, D.L., Zhang, C., Ren, J., and Li, Z.K. (2022). Modeling and Evaluating Soil Salt and Water Transport in a Cultivated Land-Wasteland-Lake System of Hetao, Yellow River Basin\u2019s Upper Reaches. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114410"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Semi-intensive Carp Culture in Saline Water-Logged Area: A Multi-Location Study in Shorkot (District Jhang), Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Chughtai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2022.116317","article-title":"Reuse of brine from inland desalination plants with duckweed, fish and halophytes toward increased food production and improved environmental control","volume":"549","author":"Oron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2020-4(18)","article-title":"Saline Soils and Crop Production in Coastal Zones of Vietnam: Features, Strategies for Amelioration and Management","volume":"52","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, A., Ratnawati, E., Undu, M.C., and IOP (2020, January 5\u20136). Characteristics and management of brackishwater pond soil in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Marine and Fisheries (ISMF), South Sulawesi, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/564\/1\/012021"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Shi, H., Miao, Q., Yang, S., Hu, Z., Hou, C., Yu, C., and Yan, Y. (2023). Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variability and Coupling Relationship of Soil Water and Salt in Cultivated and Wasteland at Branch Canal Scale in the Hetao Irrigation District. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13092367"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2015.08.019","article-title":"Buried straw layer plus plastic mulching reduces soil salinity and increases sunflower yield in saline soils","volume":"155","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lei, Z. (1988). Soil Water Dynamics, Tsinghua University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"93","article-title":"Optimizing Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Cannel Water in Hetao Irrigation District Aided by MODFLOW","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Yuan, C. (2021). Monitoring Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Soil Water-Salt Dynamics under Irrigation Conditions in Arid Area of Northwest China. [Ph.D. Thesis, Yangzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"198","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and its relationship with the depth to groundwater in salinizationirrigation district","volume":"32","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACTA Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barmakova, D.B., Rodrigo-Ilarri, J., Zavaley, V.A., Rodrigo-Clavero, M.-E., and Capilla, J.E. (2022). Spatial analysis of the chemical regime of groundwater in the karatal irrigation Massif in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030285"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"45","article-title":"Study on changes of fish pond water quality and soil physical and chemical properties during the improvement of saline alkali soil for fish culture in Embankments","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. J. Yanbian"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2013.09.010","article-title":"Effects of the shallow water table on water use of winter wheat and ecosystem health: Implications for unlocking the potential of groundwater in the Fergana Valley (Central Asia)","volume":"131","author":"Karimov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12720","article-title":"Simulating the impacts of irrigation levels on soybean production in Texas high plains to manage diminishing groundwater levels","volume":"55","author":"Sharda","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Yang, P. (2023). A Simulation-Based Optimization Model for Control of Soil Salinization in the Hetao Irrigation District, Northwest China. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054467"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1466076","article-title":"Characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution of soil salinization in Hetao Irrigation District (China) using a remote sensing approach","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, D., Xu, X., Huang, Q., Huo, Z., Xiong, Y., and Huang, G. (2018). Analyzing the role of shallow groundwater systems in the water use of different land-use types in arid irrigated regions. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10050634"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2005.03.001","article-title":"Analysis of spatial interpolation for optimising management of a salinized field cultivated with lettuce","volume":"24","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229317010136","article-title":"The Influence of Soil Salinization on Land Use Changes in Azov District of Rostov Oblast","volume":"50","author":"Rukhovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"101944","article-title":"Mapping soil salinity using spectral mixture analysis of landsat 8 OLI images to identify factors influencing salinization in an arid region","volume":"83","author":"Masoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-018-1830-2","article-title":"Impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater-recharge salinity: A major sustainability concern in semi-arid regions","volume":"26","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229316110053","article-title":"Factors and mechanisms of soil salinization under vineyards of southern Taman","volume":"49","author":"Khitrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"142","article-title":"Improving biological traits by soda alkali-saline land diking for fish","volume":"34","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.01.012","article-title":"Waterlogging and coastal salinity management through land shaping and cropping intensification in climatically vulnerable Indian Sundarbans","volume":"216","author":"Mandal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5194\/se-7-415-2016","article-title":"Ion association in water solution of soil and vadose zone of chestnut saline solonetz as a driver of terrestrial carbon sink","volume":"7","author":"Batukaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-020-00484-1","article-title":"Effects of Shallow Saline Groundwater Table Depth and Evaporative Flux on Soil Salinity Dynamics using Hydrus-1D","volume":"10","author":"Narjary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107444","article-title":"Evaluation of the perennial spatio-temporal changes in the groundwater level and mineralization, and soil salinity in irrigated lands of arid zone: As an example of Syrdarya Province, Uzbekistan","volume":"263","author":"Khasanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-021-01379-6","article-title":"Effect of Groundwater Level on Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature and Surface Temperature","volume":"49","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, J., Liu, H., Wei, Z., and Miao, H. (2022). Quantitative Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Soil Salinization and Groundwater Depth along the Yellow River Saline\u2013Alkali Land. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14126967"}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/14\/1\/107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:37:45Z","timestamp":1760103465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/14\/1\/107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy14010107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14010107","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}