{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:49:23Z","timestamp":1777596563316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technolog","award":["2022.01092.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01092.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technolog","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technolog","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["2022.01092.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01092.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CITAB","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Inov4Agro","award":["2022.01092.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01092.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"Inov4Agro","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Inov4Agro","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.01092.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.01092.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global climate change predictions point to an increase in the frequency of droughts and floods, which are a huge challenge to food production. During crop evolution, different mechanisms for drought resilience have emerged, and studies suggest that roots can be an important key in understanding these mechanisms. However, knowledge is still scarce, being fundamental to its exploitation. Plant-based protein, especially grain legume crops, will be crucial in meeting the demand for affordable and healthy food due to their high protein content. In addition, grain legumes have the unique ability for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) through symbiosis with bacteria, which contributes to sustainable agriculture. The exploitation of root phenotyping techniques in grain legumes is an important step toward understanding their drought resilience mechanisms and selecting more resilient genotypes. Different methodologies are available for root phenotyping, including the paper pouch approach, rhizotrons and the semi-hydroponic system. Additionally, different imaging techniques have been employed to assess root traits. This review provides an overview of the root system architecture (RSA) of grain legumes, its role in drought stress resilience and the phenotyping approaches useful for the identification of accessions resilient to water stress. Consequently, this knowledge will be important in mitigating the effects of climate change and improving grain legume production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:53:54Z","timestamp":1742900034000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Root Phenotyping: A Contribution to Understanding Drought Stress Resilience in Grain Legumes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3082-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaura","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0859-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Valdemar","family":"Carnide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1108-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2014.897904","article-title":"Legume Crops Phylogeny and Genetic Diversity for Science and Breeding","volume":"34","author":"Coyne","year":"2015","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, M., Carnide, V., Sobreira, C., Castro, I., Coutinho, J., Barros, A., and Rosa, E. (2022). Cowpea Immature Pods and Grains Evaluation: An Opportunity for Different Food Sources. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11162079"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.07.002","article-title":"Grain Legumes\u2014A Boon to Human Nutrition","volume":"14","author":"Tharanathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.058891","article-title":"Bridging Model and Crop Legumes through Comparative Genomics","volume":"137","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13203","article-title":"Adapting Legume Crops to Climate Change Using Genomic Approaches","volume":"42","author":"Bayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stagnari, F., Maggio, A., Galieni, A., and Pisante, M. (2017). Multiple Benefits of Legumes for Agriculture Sustainability: An Overview. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-016-0085-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogoi, N., Baruah, K.K., and Meena, R.S. (2018). Grain Legumes: Impact on Soil Health and Agroecosystem. Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0253-4_16"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.26832\/24566632.2023.0802024","article-title":"Production Systems and Contributions of Grain Legumes to Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Okumu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Agric. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-013-0021-6","article-title":"Photosynthesis under Stressful Environments: An Overview","volume":"51","author":"Ashraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.10.008","article-title":"Response of Water Deficit-Stressed Vigna unguiculata Performances to Silicon, Proline or Methionine Foliar Application","volume":"228","author":"Merwad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7678.1","article-title":"Plant Adaptation to Drought Stress","volume":"5","author":"Basu","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem, M., Li, J., Yahya, M., Sher, A., Ma, C., Wang, X., and Qiu, L. (2019). Research Progress and Perspective on Drought Stress in Legumes: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102541"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.11.005","article-title":"Inducing Drought Tolerance in Plants: Recent Advances","volume":"28","author":"Ashraf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2018.06.002","article-title":"Uncovering the Hidden Half of Plants Using New Advances in Root Phenotyping","volume":"55","author":"Atkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20395","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.20395","article-title":"Understanding Role of Roots in Plant Response to Drought: Way Forward to Climate-Resilient Crops","volume":"17","author":"Kalra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Genome"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M. (2014). Crop Plants and Abiotic Stresses. J. Biomol. Res. Ther., 03.","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-7956.1000e125"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelaw, T.A., and Sanan-Mishra, N. (2021). Non-Coding RNAs in Response to Drought Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212519"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8250","article-title":"Cowpea: A Legume Crop for a Challenging Environment","volume":"97","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Cui, Y., Feng, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, L., and Duan, L. (2023). Long Non-Coding RNAs of Plants in Response to Abiotic Stresses and Their Regulating Roles in Promoting Environmental Adaption. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050729"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45080398","article-title":"Drought Tolerance of Legumes: Physiology and the Role of the Microbiome","volume":"45","author":"Petrushin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab392","article-title":"Root Plasticity under Abiotic Stress","volume":"187","author":"Karlova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284-023-00636-1","article-title":"Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal Responses of Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities and Root Exudate Composition to Drought and Genotype in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, X., Han, W., and Kang, J. (2022). Responses of Root System Architecture to Water Stress at Multiple Levels: A Meta-Analysis of Trials under Controlled Conditions. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1085409"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-021-00570-8","article-title":"Integrating Root Architecture and Physiological Approaches for Improving Drought Tolerance in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"26","author":"Sofi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13201","article-title":"Root System Architecture, Physiological and Transcriptional Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Response to Water Deficit: A Review","volume":"172","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yung, W.S., Gao, Y., Huang, C., Zhao, X., Chen, Y., Li, M.W., and Lam, H.M. (2024). From Phenotyping to Genetic Mapping: Identifying Water-Stress Adaptations in Legume Root Traits. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05477-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Rizzo, S., Laporte, P., Crespi, M., and Frugier, F. (2018). Legume Root Architecture: A Peculiar Root System, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119312994.apr0405"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2024.05.001","article-title":"Crop Root System Architecture in Drought Response","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelden, M.C., and Munns, R. (2023). Crop Root System Plasticity for Improved Yields in Saline Soils. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1120583"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2016.04.008","article-title":"Legume Shovelomics: High-Throughput Phenotyping of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp","volume":"192","author":"Burridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"unguiculata) Root Architecture in the Field. Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Characterising Root Trait Variability in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery082","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Root System Architecture in Response to Drought Stress in Grain Legumes","volume":"69","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, B.H., Kim, W.J., Chowdhury, S., Moon, C.Y., Kang, S., Kim, S.H., Jo, S.H., Jun, T.H., Do Kim, K., and Ha, B.K. (2023). Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with Salt Stress in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) during the Early Vegetative Stage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054762"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasaya, A., Zhang, X., Fang, Q., and Yan, Z. (2018). Root Phenotyping for Drought Tolerance: A Review. Agronomy, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy8110241"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2008021","article-title":"Review Article Plant Drought Stress: E Ff Ects, Mechanisms and Management","volume":"29","author":"Farooq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2007.07.0404","article-title":"Selection for Drought Resistance in Common Bean Also Improves Yield in Phosphorus Limited and Favorable Environments","volume":"48","author":"Beebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20635","article-title":"Phenotyping Cowpea for Seedling Root Architecture Reveals Root Phenes Important for Breeding Phosphorus Efficient Varieties","volume":"62","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1071\/FP16154","article-title":"Genotypic Variation in Soil Water Use and Root Distribution and Their Implications for Drought Tolerance in Chickpea","volume":"44","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13313","article-title":"Root-Omics for Drought Tolerance in Cool-Season Grain Legumes","volume":"172","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.233486","article-title":"Plant Water Uptake in Drying Soils","volume":"164","author":"Lobet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comas, L.H., Becker, S.R., Cruz, V.M.V., Byrne, P.F., and Dierig, D.A. (2013). Root Traits Contributing to Plant Productivity under Drought. Front. Plant Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00442"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac313","article-title":"Maintenance of Abiotic Stress Memory in Plants: Lessons Learned from Heat Acclimation","volume":"35","author":"Charng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S.S., Redden, R., McNeil, D.L., and Patil, S.A. (2010). Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3709-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatun, M., Sarkar, S., Era, F.M., Islam, A.K.M.M., Anwar, M.P., Fahad, S., Datta, R., and Islam, A.K.M.A. (2021). Drought Stress in Grain Legumes: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms and Management. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11122374"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R., Carvalho, M., Rosa, E., Carnide, V., and Castro, I. (2020). Root and Agro-Morphological Traits Performance in Cowpea under Drought Stress. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10101604"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2004.05.002","article-title":"Stomatal Control and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) during Progressive Soil Drying","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3364-5","article-title":"Phytohormones Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants: A Coping Strategy","volume":"25","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-015-1038-2","article-title":"Genome\u2014Wide Identification and Characterization of Aquaporin Gene Family in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"290","author":"Ariani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err266","article-title":"Regulation of Root Water Uptake under Abiotic Stress Conditions","volume":"63","author":"Aroca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayade, R., Rana, V., Shafiqul, M., Begum, R., Nabi, S., and Raturi, G. (2022). Genome-Wide Identification of Aquaporin Genes in Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) and Expression Analysis under Drought Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416189"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-021-03978-w","article-title":"The Aquaporin Gene PvXIP1; 2 Conferring Drought Resistance Identified by GWAS at Seedling Stage in Common Bean","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx118","article-title":"Dehydration Responsive Element Binding Transcription Factors and Their Applications for the Engineering of Stress Tolerance","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2011.08.004","article-title":"AP2\/ERF Family Transcription Factors in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses","volume":"1819","author":"Mizoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2014Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-012-1896-5","article-title":"Nucleotide Diversity Patterns at the Drought-Related DREB2 Encoding Genes in Wild and Cultivated Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"125","author":"This","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2009.07.009","article-title":"Isolation and Sequence Analysis of DREB2A Homologues in Three Cereal and Two Legume Species","volume":"177","author":"Nayak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2019.153001","article-title":"Evaluating Stress Responses in Cowpea under Drought Stress","volume":"241","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Du, H., Sun, J., Xing, X., Kong, Y., Li, W., Li, X., and Zhang, C. (2022). A Nodule-Localized Small Heat Shock Protein GmHSP17.1 Confers Nodule Development and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.838718"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, P., Castro, I., and Carvalho, M. (2025). Salt-Resilient Cowpeas: Early Identification Through Growth Parameters and Gene Expression at Germination Stage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051892"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2013-0028","article-title":"Small Heat Shock Proteins: Recent Developments","volume":"4","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2018.12.015","article-title":"Identifying Key Contributing Root System Traits to Genetic Diversity in Field-Grown Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Genotypes","volume":"232","author":"Adu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib, M., Banerjee, B.P., Hayden, M., and Kant, S. (2022). Roots\u2019 Drought Adaptive Traits in Crop Improvement. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172256"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayade, R., Kim, S.H., Tripathi, P., Choi, Y.D., Yoon, J.B., and Kim, Y.H. (2022). High-Throughput Root Imaging Analysis Reveals Wide Variation in Root Morphology of Wild Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Accessions. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030405"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., and Bell, M. (2021). Genotypic Variability in Architectural Development of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Root Systems and Physiological Relationships With Shoot Growth Dynamics. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.725915"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiteri, K.O., Jubery, T.Z., Dutta, S., Ganapathysubramanian, B., Cannon, S., and Singh, A. (2022). Dissecting the Root Phenotypic and Genotypic Variability of the Iowa Mung Bean Diversity Panel. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.808001"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw494","article-title":"Root Architecture Simulation Improves the Inference from Seedling Root Phenotyping towards Mature Root Systems","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, A.A., Lim, K.B., Rahman, E.K.A., Nurmawati, M.H., and Zuruzi, A.S. (2020). Agar with Embedded Channels to Study Root Growth. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71076-w"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-1050-1","article-title":"Assessing Variability in Root Traits of Wild Lupinus angustifolius Germplasm: Basis for Modelling Root System Structure","volume":"354","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Begum, N., An, T., Zhao, T., Xu, B., Zhang, S., Deng, X., Lam, H.M., Nguyen, H.T., and Siddique, K.H.M. (2021). Characterization of Root System Architecture Traits in Diverse Soybean Genotypes Using a Semi-Hydroponic System. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122781"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, M., Chen, Y., Ye, H., Nguyen, H.T., Solaiman, Z.M., and Siddique, K.H.M. (2022). Screening of Soybean Genotypes Based on Root Morphology and Shoot Traits Using the Semi-Hydroponic Phenotyping Platform and Rhizobox Technique. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12010056"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4401","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4401","article-title":"Diversity in Root Growth Responses to Moisture Deficit in Young Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants","volume":"2018","author":"Belachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8747930","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/8747930","article-title":"Semiautomated 3D Root Segmentation and Evaluation Based on X-Ray CT Imagery","volume":"2021","author":"Gerth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Phenomics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1071\/FP11164","article-title":"Non-Invasive Approaches for Phenotyping of Enhanced Performance Traits in Bean","volume":"38","author":"Rascher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.15.01388","article-title":"Quantitative 3D Analysis of Plant Roots Growing in Soil Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"170","author":"Metzner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metzner, R., Chlubek, A., B\u00fchler, J., Pflugfelder, D., Schurr, U., Huber, G., Koller, R., and Jahnke, S. (2022). In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Carbon Tracer Dynamics in Nodulated Root Systems of Pea Plants. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11050632"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-021-00795-6","article-title":"Open Source 3D Phenotyping of Chickpea Plant Architecture across Plant Development","volume":"17","author":"Salter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq048","article-title":"Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Root Growth Kinetics with High Temporal and Spatial Resolution","volume":"105","author":"Yazdanbakhsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galkovskyi, T., Mileyko, Y., Bucksch, A., Moore, B., Symonova, O., Price, C.A., Topp, C.N., Iyer-Pascuzzi, A.S., Zurek, P.R., and Fang, S. (2012). GiA Roots: Software for the High Throughput Analysis of Plant Root System Architecture. BMC Plant Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-12-116"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-9984-2","article-title":"Growth of Axile and Lateral Roots of Maize: I Development of a Phenotying Platform","volume":"325","author":"Hund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.221531","article-title":"RootNav: Navigating Images of Complex Root Architectures","volume":"162","author":"Pound","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"236","article-title":"Agar-Based Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Infusion Model for Pea (Pisum sativum L.)\u2014Perspectives of Translation to Legume Crop Plants","volume":"67","author":"Leonova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bio. Comm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zheng, S., and Zhu, N. (2022). High-Throughput Legume Seed Phenotyping Using a Handheld 3D Laser Scanner. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020431"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-1039-9","article-title":"Developing X-Ray Computed Tomography to Non-Invasively Image 3-D Root Systems Architecture in Soil","volume":"352","author":"Mooney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabb, A., Duncan, K.E., and Topp, C.N. (2018, January 12\u201315). Segmenting Root Systems in X-Ray Computed Tomography Images Using Level Sets. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Lake Tahoe, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00070"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaspecpub61.c7","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Visualization of Root Growth and Root Water Uptake Processes","volume":"61","author":"Pohlmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil-Water-Root Process. Adv. Tomogr. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-015-0093-3","article-title":"Digital imaging of root traits (DIRT): A high-throughput computing and collaboration platform for field-based root phenomics","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab311","article-title":"DIRT\/3D: 3D Root Phenotyping for Field-Grown Maize (Zea mays)","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-021-03864-5","article-title":"Scaling up High-Throughput Phenotyping for Abiotic Stress Selection in the Field","volume":"134","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.05.002","article-title":"Advanced High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping Techniques for Genome-Wide Association Studies: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."}],"container-title":["Agronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/15\/4\/798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:16Z","timestamp":1760029156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4395\/15\/4\/798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["agronomy15040798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy15040798","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]}}}