{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:30:35Z","timestamp":1773952235776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["2022.06004.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06004.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]},{"name":"PRR (Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia)","award":["2022.06004.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06004.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"PRR (Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia)","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural intensification often contributes to soil degradation. Mulch and biochar help reduce erosion and runoff while improving organic matter and crop habitat. However, optimal application strategies and the combined advantages of mulch and biochar remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate how biochar and mulch affect soil hydrology, erosion, and phytotoxicity, under mixed and layered application strategies: (i) biochar mix (2.8% by weight); (ii) biochar layer (surface application of 10 Mg ha\u22121); (iii) mulch layer (2 Mg ha\u22121 of straw mulch); and (iv) mulch + biochar layer (a straw mulch layer of 2 Mg ha\u22121 on top of a biochar layer of 10 Mg ha\u22121). Thirty-minute rainfall simulations (at 85.6 mm h\u22121) on sandy loam soils of a vineyard and olive orchard tested treatment effects on soil hydrology and erosion. The leachate collected from the simulations was used to test treatments phytotoxicity, using Lactuca sativa L. Runoff and interrill erosion decreased by 52\u201391% and 55\u201381%, respectively, with the greatest reductions in the treatments that included a mulch layer. Biochar increased root length (29\u201345%), while mulch had no significant effect. The mulch + biochar treatment performed best, highlighting the products\u2019 complementary benefits in reducing soil degradation and improving soil habitat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:26:41Z","timestamp":1744284401000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biochar and Mulch: Hydrologic, Erosive, and Phytotoxic Responses Across Different Application Strategies and Agricultural Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6752-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o N. G. V.","family":"Canedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de \u00c9vora, N\u00facleo da Mitra Gab, 206, Edif\u00edcio dos Regentes Agr\u00edcolas, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de \u00c9vora, N\u00facleo da Mitra Gab, 206, Edif\u00edcio dos Regentes Agr\u00edcolas, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Livian","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Estado do Amap\u00e1, CamTerrit\u00f3rio dos Lagos, Av. Pres. Vargas, 650\u2014Central, Macap\u00e1 68901-258, AP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank G. A.","family":"Verheijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, Avenida da Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7341-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de \u00c9vora, N\u00facleo da Mitra Gab, 206, Edif\u00edcio dos Regentes Agr\u00edcolas, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Misi\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Galicia\u2014National Spanish Research Council (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Salcedo, Pontevedra, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2011.00367.x","article-title":"The effects of cover crops and conventional tillage on soil and runoff loss in vineyards and olive groves in several Mediterranean countries","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680902776507","article-title":"Crop residue removal impacts on soil productivity and environmental quality","volume":"28","author":"Lal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. 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