{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:48:18Z","timestamp":1775198898364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vine&amp;Wine Portugal Project, co-financed by the RRP\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan and the European Next-Generation EU Funds","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring vineyard diseases such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is important for viticulture, enabling an early intervention and optimized disease management. This is crucial for disease monitoring, and the use of high-spatial-resolution multispectral data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can allow to for a better understanding of disease progression. This study explores the application of UAV-based multispectral data for monitoring downy mildew infection in vineyards through multi-temporal analysis. This study was conducted in a vineyard plot in the Vinho Verde region (Portugal), where 84 grapevines were monitored, half of which received phytosanitary treatments while the other half were left untreated in this way during the growing season. Seven UAV flights were performed across different phenological stages to assess the effects of infection using spectral bands, vegetation indices, and morphometric parameters. The results indicate that downy mildew affects canopy area, height, and volume, restricting the vegetative growth. Spectral analysis reveals that infected grapevines show increased reflectance in the visible and red-edge bands and a progressive decline in near-infrared (NIR) reflectance. Several vegetation indices demonstrated a suitable response to the infection, with some of them being capable of detecting early-stage symptoms, while vegetation indices using red edge and NIR allowed us to track disease progression. These results highlight the potential of UAV-based multi-temporal remote sensing as a tool for vineyard disease monitoring, supporting precision viticulture and the assessment of phytosanitary treatment effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:45:31Z","timestamp":1744353931000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Monitoring the Progression of Downy Mildew on Vineyards Using Multi-Temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Multispectral Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Portela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"proMetheus, Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), INESC Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Ara\u00fajo-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sishodia, R.P., Ray, R.L., and Singh, S.K. 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