{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:45:24Z","timestamp":1763117124336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["2022.00359","CEECIND\/00040\/2018","PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/0197\/2020","UIDB\/00329\/2020","LA\/P\/0121\/2020","UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.00359","CEECIND\/00040\/2018","PTDC\/ASP-PLA\/0197\/2020","UIDB\/00329\/2020","LA\/P\/0121\/2020","UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Root lesion nematodes (RLNs) are major plant parasites causing significant global yield losses in a wide range of crops. Current management strategies largely depend on synthetic nematicides, which raise environmental and human health concerns due to their broad-spectrum toxicity and persistence in the ecosystem. Volatile allelochemicals offer a promising, environmentally safer alternative due to their biodegradability and lower toxicity to mammals. In this study, we assessed the nematicidal activity of five allelochemical volatiles\u2014dimethyl sulphide (DMS), dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA), trans-2-decenal (T2D), and trans-2-undecenal (T2U)\u2014against Pratylenchus penetrans, using direct-contact bioassays, in comparison with the conventional nematicide oxamyl. Additionally, we assessed their environmental behaviour and toxicity profiles through in silico modelling. At 1 mg\/mL, TCA, T2D, and T2U exhibited strong activity against P. penetrans, outperforming oxamyl by up to 1.6-fold, while DMS and DMDS showed reduced activity. The environmental risk assessment revealed that these compounds have a lower predicted persistence and bioaccumulation compared with oxamyl or fluopyram, a new generation nematicide. Though these findings boost the potential of these compounds as sustainable alternatives for RLN management, field validation and testing with non-target organisms remain necessary for the development of biopesticides. Nevertheless, this study emphasizes the need for an integrated risk-based assessment in the selection of nematicidal agents, warranting efficacy as well as environmental safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15071605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T11:37:51Z","timestamp":1751283471000},"page":"1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eco-Friendly Management of Root Lesion Nematodes Using Volatile Allelochemicals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, \u00c9vora University, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia S. L.","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, \u00c9vora University, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M. S.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12105","article-title":"Molecular Biology of Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and Their Interaction with Host Plants","volume":"164","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, P., and Vovlas, N. (2007). 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