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Its importance is related to the involvement in several metabolic processes that ensure proper cellular function and balanced plant development throughout the production cycle. In plants, Mn is absorbed predominantly as Mn2+, and its availability is strongly influenced by soil pH, aeration, and other mineral nutrients in the soil solution. After uptake by roots, Mn is translocated to the shoot, accumulating primarily in metabolically active organs such as stems, young leaves and flowers. Although Mn exhibits limited mobility in the phloem, adequate concentrations are necessary to sustain both vegetative development and reproductive growth. Adequate Mn concentration is directly reflected in fruit development, as well-nourished plants show improved flowering, greater assimilate translocation capacity, and better fruit filling, thereby positively influencing yield and quality. However, Mn deficiency is common in alkaline soils or soils with high organic matter, causing interveinal chlorosis in young leaves, reduced growth, and lower biomass production. Under prolonged conditions, deficiency leads to less vigorous plants with reduced metabolic efficiency. Conversely, Mn toxicity, typically associated with acidic and poorly drained soils, restricts root development and induces nutritional imbalances with other elements, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron. Therefore, proper Mn management is essential to ensure nutritional balance and optimal performance of agricultural crops. Overall, this review synthesizes advances in Mn transport, cellular compartmentalization, and metabolic regulation, emphasizing how Mn interacts with other mineral nutrients to influence plant physiology. Attention is given to the integration of Mn with redox networks, photosynthetic regulation, and reproductive development. By linking transport mechanisms with physiological outcomes, this review identifies key patterns governing Mn homeostasis and highlights implications for crop nutrition and sustainable nutrient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy16070709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:53Z","timestamp":1774878113000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mn\u2019s Key Roles in Plant Ecophysiology\u2014A Comprehensive Review for Unstressed and Stress Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Campos","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Carmo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6700-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Freire","family":"Daccak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Alexandre","family":"Legoinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Cochicho","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Cebola","family":"Lidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-95162010000200008","article-title":"Manganese as essential and toxic element for plants: Transport, accumulation and resistance mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Millaleo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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