{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T09:12:28Z","timestamp":1760001148187,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES to CiiEM","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in sports dentistry have the potential to improve early detection and diagnosis. We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of AI-assisted software in detecting dental caries, periodontitis, and tooth wear using panoramic radiographs in elite athletes. This cross-sectional validation study included secondary data from 114 elite athletes from the Sports Dentistry department at Egas Moniz Dental Clinic. The AI software\u2019s performance was compared to clinically validated assessments. Dental caries and tooth wear were inspected clinically and confirmed radiographically. Periodontitis was registered through self-reports. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), as well as the area under the curve and respective 95% confidence intervals. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen\u2019s kappa statistic. The AI software showed high reproducibility, with kappa values of 0.82 for caries, 0.91 for periodontitis, 0.96 for periapical lesions, and 0.76 for tooth wear. Sensitivity was highest for periodontitis (1.00; AUC = 0.84), moderate for caries (0.74; AUC = 0.69), and lower for tooth wear (0.53; AUC = 0.68). Full agreement between AI and clinical reference was achieved in 86.0% of cases. The software generated a median of 3 AI-specific suggestions per case (range: 0\u201316). In 21.9% of cases, AI\u2019s interpretation of periodontal level was deemed inadequate; among these, only 2 cases were clinically confirmed as periodontitis. Of the 34 false positives for periodontitis, 32.4% were misidentified by the AI. The AI-assisted software demonstrated substantial agreement with clinical diagnosis, particularly for periodontitis and caries. The relatively high false-positive rate for periodontitis and limited sensitivity for tooth wear underscore the need for cautious clinical integration, supervision, and further model refinements. However, this software did show overall adequate performance for application in Sports Dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ai6100255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:20:38Z","timestamp":1759332038000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of AI-Assisted Software in Sports Dentistry: A Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"J\u00fadice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Pia Atl\u00e9tico Clube, 1500-462 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luciano Maia Alves","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01460-1","article-title":"Transforming Diagnosis through Artificial Intelligence","volume":"8","author":"Bates","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digit. 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