{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:55:48Z","timestamp":1777661748131,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPESP 2343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP 2343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change is seen as a significant threat to the sustainability of livestock production systems in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical regions. Extreme meteorological events can result in catastrophic production and death of livestock. Heat waves in particular can push vulnerable animals beyond their survival threshold limits. However, there is little information about buffalo responses to sudden changes in the thermal environment, specifically the heat waves. This study aimed to quantify the thermoregulatory and blood biochemical responses of heat-acclimatized buffaloes to a simulated heat wave. The experiment was designed in a climatic chamber with two periods of 4 days each. Twelve heat acclimated buffalo heifers aged 18 months were used. The climatic chamber environment was set as follows: 4-day period (P1) simulating the same weather conditions of a summer in humid tropical climate used as a baseline, with daily cycle with Ta and RH at 27 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C and 76% from 0600 h to 1900 h and 24 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C and 80% from 1900 h to 0600 h, and 4-day period (P2), simulating a daily heat wave cycle, from 0600 h to 1900 h with Ta and RH kept at 36 \u00b0C and 78% and from 1900 h to 0600 h, 27 \u00b0C and 74%. All animals were subject to both treatments and data were analyzed by a repeated measure analysis of variance, with post-hoc pooling comparison performed by Tukey\u2019s test. In P2, there was observed a significant increase in respiratory frequency (p &lt; 0.01), found four times in P1. The sweating rates were quite high in both periods; still, there were significant increases in P2 compared to P1 (p &lt; 0.01) (4931 and 3201 g\/m2\/h, respectively). A slight but significant increase in rectal temperature was observed during the day (p &lt; 0.01), with a rising until 1900 h. The simulated heat wave in P2 did not affect the values of the erythrogram or leukogram, excluding the significant reduction in K+ (p &lt; 0.05). The low heat storage and the subsequent fast and full recovery of the thermal balance late afternoon appear to be related to the high sweating rate values. The massive sweating rate emphasizes its relevance in the maintenance of buffalo homeothermy. The absence of changes in hematological parameters has revealed the considerable physiological resilience of buffaloes toward simulated heat waves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1588069858000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Thermoregulatory Responses of Heat Acclimatized Buffaloes to Simulated Heat Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Re\u00edssa A.","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane G.","family":"Titto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Thays M. C.","family":"Leme-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Ana C. M.","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C. C.","family":"Balieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Raquel F.","family":"Calviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Eduardo H.","family":"Birgel Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Evaldo A. L.","family":"Titto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga SP 13635-900, Brasil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1601:EHTECI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Extreme high\u2013temperature events; changes in their probabilities with changes in mean temperature","volume":"23","author":"Mearns","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bottcher, R.W., and Hoff, S.J. (1997). Heat waves in relation to thermoregulation, feeding behavior and mortality of feedlot cattle. 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