{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:12:30Z","timestamp":1776442350919,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Junta de Extremadura and Fondo Social Europeo","award":["PO17020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO17020"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura \u201cAtracci\u00f3n y retorno de talento investigador a Centros de I+D+i pertenecientes al Sistema Extreme\u00f1o de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n&quot;","award":["TA18008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA18008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, farm animal industries use assisted reproductive technologies (ART) as a tool to manage herds\u2019 reproductive outcomes, for a fast dissemination of genetic improvement as well as to bypass subfertility issues. ART comprise at least one of the following procedures: collection and handling of oocytes, sperm, and embryos in in vitro conditions. Therefore, in these conditions, the interaction with the oviductal environment of gametes and early embryos during fertilization and the first stages of embryo development is lost. As a result, embryos obtained in in vitro fertilization (IVF) have less quality in comparison with those obtained in vivo, and have lower chances to implant and develop into viable offspring. In addition, media currently used for IVF are very similar to those empirically developed more than five decades ago. Recently, the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the fertility process has flourished. EVs are recognized as effective intercellular vehicles for communication as they deliver their cargo of proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Thus, during their transit through the female reproductive tract both gametes, oocyte and spermatozoa (that previously encountered EVs produced by male reproductive tract) interact with EVs produced by the female reproductive tract, passing them important information that contributes to a successful fertilization and embryo development. This fact highlights that the reproductive tract EVs cargo has an important role in reproductive events, which is missing in current ART media. This review aims to recapitulate recent advances in EVs functions on the fertilization process, highlighting the latest proposals with an applied approach to enhance ART outcome through EV utilization as an additive to the media of current ART procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"2171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Gervasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9301, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana J.","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), ETSIAM, Campus Universitario, s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5568-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Intracellular Signalling and Technology of Reproduction (Research Institute INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco G.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro F.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6787-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mart\u00edn-Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Intracellular Signalling and Technology of Reproduction (Research Institute INBIO G+C), University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8887-3_5","article-title":"Impacts of reproductive technologies on beef production in the United States","volume":"752","author":"Dahlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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