{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:56:44Z","timestamp":1776092204713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Project CAREBIO2: Comparative assessment of an-timicrobial resistance in environmental biofilms through proteomics\u2014towards innovative theranostic biomarkers","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030101"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Project CAREBIO2: Comparative assessment of an-timicrobial resistance in environmental biofilms through proteomics\u2014towards innovative theranostic biomarkers","award":["PTDC\/SAU-INF\/30101\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-INF\/30101\/2017"]}]},{"name":"national funds from FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 and UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 and UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that has been reported in several animals, and it is often associated with clonal complex (CC) 398. We aimed to isolate MRSA from quails and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. One hundred swab samples were recovered from quails at the slaughterhouse. The swabs were inoculated onto CHROMagar\u2122 MRSA agar plates for MRSA isolation. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. All strains were typed by MLST, SCCmec-, spa- and agr-typing. From the 100 samples, 29 MRSA were isolated. All strains were resistant to penicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and clindamycin and carried the blaZ, mecA, ermB and ermC genes. All strains, except one, showed resistance to tetracycline and harbored the tetM, tetK and tetL genes in different combinations. Twenty strains belonged to ST398 and SCCmec type V, and nine strains belonged to the new ST6831. Twenty-eight out of twenty-nine strains were ascribed to t011 and one to t108. As far as we know, this is the first report of MRSA from quails slaughtered for human consumption. Most strains belonged to ST398-t011, which is the most common LA-MRSA clone found in livestock in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T10:42:17Z","timestamp":1625740937000},"page":"2038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence and Characteristics of Multidrug-Resistant Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) CC398 Isolated from Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Slaughtered for Human Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Vieira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e2ndido","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Manageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Capelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1878688","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Capelo, J.L., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030122"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040521","article-title":"Livestock-Associated MRSA: The Impact on Humans","volume":"4","author":"Cuny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2017.1118","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from livestock and associated farmers in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka","volume":"7","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01216","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01216-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Newer Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"63","author":"Watkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmithausen, R.M., Schulze-Geisthoevel, S.V., Heinemann, C., Bierbaum, G., Exner, M., Petersen, B., and Steinhoff-Wagner, J. (2018). Reservoirs and Transmission Pathways of Resistant Indicator Bacteria in the Biotope Pig Stable and along the Food Chain: A Review from a One Health Perspective. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10113967"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0620-2","article-title":"The Role of Environmental Contamination in the Transmission of Nosocomial Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections","volume":"20","author":"Suleyman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13278","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from food, food contact surfaces and food handlers in a Moroccan hospital kitchen","volume":"70","author":"Bennani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiaa191","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa191","article-title":"Diversity and genetic lineages of environmental staphylococci: A surface water overview","volume":"96","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.010","article-title":"Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and its relevance for humans in Germany","volume":"303","author":"Cuny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernier-Lachance, J., Arsenault, J., Usongo, V., Parent, \u00c9., Labrie, J., Jacques, M., Malouin, F., and Archambault, M. (2020). Prevalence and characteristics of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolated from chicken meat in the province of Quebec, Canada. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227183"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.44.16-00696","article-title":"Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among human MRSA isolates, European Union\/European Economic Area countries, 2013","volume":"22","author":"Kinross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aklilu, E., and Chia, H.Y. (2020). First mecC and mecA Positive Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mecC MRSA\/LA-MRSA) from Dairy Cattle in Malaysia. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020147"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanomsridachchai, W., Changkaew, K., Changkwanyeun, R., Prapasawat, W., Intarapuk, A., Fukushima, Y., Yamasamit, N., Flav Kapalamula, T., Nakajima, C., and Suthienkul, O. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs and Pork in the Central Region of Thailand. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020206"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00305-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00305-11","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock","volume":"3","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.054","article-title":"First report on MRSA CC398 recovered from wild boars in the north of Portugal. Are we facing a problem?","volume":"596\u2013597","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chueahiran, S., Yindee, J., Boonkham, P., Suanpairintr, N., and Chanchaithong, P. (2021). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 as a Major MRSA Lineage in Dogs and Cats in Thailand. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030243"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55086-x","article-title":"Genome investigations show host adaptation and transmission of LA-MRSA CC398 from pigs into Danish healthcare institutions","volume":"9","author":"Sieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00775_2.x","article-title":"WS14 The EU ban of antibiotics as feed additives (2006): Alternatives and consumer safety","volume":"29","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2017). Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2017. ESVAC Report\u2014Ninth ESVAC Report, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(ECDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority, and (EMA), European Medicines Agency (2017). ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals: Joint Interagency Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistan. EFSA J., 15, e04872.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4872"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.016","article-title":"The use of antimicrobial agents in broiler chickens","volume":"205","author":"Landoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2020.1825827","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue residues of doxycycline in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) after oral administration","volume":"37","author":"Tekeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391700006X","article-title":"Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meat: Characteristics and value addition","volume":"73","author":"Santhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175340","article-title":"Frequent isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 among healthy pigs in Portugal","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv141","article-title":"Clonal diversity, virulence patterns and antimicrobial and biocide susceptibility among human, animal and environmental MRSA in Portugal","volume":"2008","author":"Couto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0219","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in Purulent Lesions of Piglets and Fattening Pigs in Portugal","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Gabriel, S.I., Borrego, S.B., Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Manageiro, V., Ferreira, E., Reis, L., Cani\u00e7a, M., Capelo, J.L., and Igrejas, G. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061537"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03709-6","article-title":"Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA-15 clone as the predominant cause of diabetic foot ulcer infections in Portugal","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.4947-4955.2004","article-title":"New quadriplex PCR assay for detection of methicillin and mupirocin resistance and simultaneous discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.4.1310-1315.2006","article-title":"The innate immune modulators staphylococcal complement inhibitor and chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus are located on beta-hemolysin-converting bacteriophages","volume":"188","author":"Rooijakkers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5442-5448.2003","article-title":"Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a University Hospital Setting by Using Novel Software for spa Repeat Determination and Database Management","volume":"41","author":"Harmsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.456-459.2003","article-title":"Prevalence of agr specificity groups among Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing children and their guardians","volume":"41","author":"Shopsin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5026-5033.2005","article-title":"Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"163","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxin- and Antibiotic Resistance-Encoding Genes in the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Poultry Meat","volume":"52","author":"Saadati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2018.e300","article-title":"Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and quail eggshell","volume":"5","author":"Pondit","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15171\/ijep.2019.20","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene Amongst the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Fowl Meat","volume":"7","author":"Saadati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Enteric. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001616","article-title":"Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA on Dutch broiler farms and in people living and\/or working on these farms","volume":"141","author":"Geenen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4636121","article-title":"Carriage Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry and Cattle in Northern Algeria","volume":"2018","author":"Aggad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benrabia, I., Hamdi, T.M., Shehata, A.A., Neubauer, H., and Wareth, G. (2020). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Poultry Species in Algeria: Long-Term Study on Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020054"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.001","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from retail meat in Denmark","volume":"249","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12709","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Livestock-Associated MRSA in raw meat on retail sale in North West England","volume":"64","author":"Fox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606148","article-title":"Isolation, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Strains from Oklahoma Retail Poultry Meats","volume":"12","author":"Abdalrahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.10.013","article-title":"Associations between a decreased veterinary antimicrobial use and resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from Belgian livestock species (2011\u20132015)","volume":"157","author":"Callens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey539","article-title":"The application of antibiotics in broiler production and the resulting antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: A global overview","volume":"98","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12036","article-title":"Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the novel mecC gene in Denmark corroborates a zoonotic reservoir with transmission to humans","volume":"19","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108391","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant commensal Escherichia coli are less frequently isolated from poultry raised using non-conventional management systems than from conventional broiler","volume":"314","author":"Pesciaroli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03842.x","article-title":"Novel and uncommon antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"Kadlec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00126","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Nhung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp350","article-title":"Diversity of antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from diseased swine","volume":"64","author":"Kadlec","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1168515","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated in newly-hatched chickens and effect of amoxicillin treatment during their growth","volume":"45","author":"Fenollar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6sterberg, J., Wingstrand, A., Nygaard Jensen, A., Kerouanton, A., Cibin, V., Barco, L., Denis, M., Aabo, S., and Bengtsson, B. (2016). Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs in organic and conventional farming in four European countries. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157049"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw308","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in livestock during the course of a nationwide antimicrobial use reduction in the Netherlands","volume":"71","author":"Mevius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.031","article-title":"Prevalence of the immune evasion gene cluster in Staphylococcus aureus CC398","volume":"177","author":"Cuny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02260-10","article-title":"Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources","volume":"77","author":"Tenhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegger, M., Liu, C.M., Larsen, J., Soldanova, K., Aziz, M., Contente-Cuomo, T., Petersen, A., Vandendriessche, S., Jim\u00e9nez, J.N., and Mammina, C. (2013). Rapid Differentiation between Livestock-Associated and Livestock-Independent Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Clades. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079645"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02175-4","article-title":"Acquisition of virulence factors in livestock-associated MRSA: Lysogenic conversion of CC398 strains by virulence gene-containing phages","volume":"7","author":"Kraushaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00543","article-title":"Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy turkeys and broilers using DNA microarrays","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez439","article-title":"Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from broiler farms in Germany are rather lineage- than source-specific","volume":"98","author":"Kittler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt239","article-title":"Resistance phenotypes and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from broiler chickens at slaughter and abattoir workers","volume":"68","author":"Wendlandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.10.018","article-title":"Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diseased poultry","volume":"162","author":"Monecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-012-0319-5","article-title":"Real-time PCR to distinguish livestock-associated (ST398) from non-livestock-associated (methicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"41","author":"Schellekens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0105-8","article-title":"New dominant spa type t2741 in livestock-associated MRSA (CC398-MRSA-V) in Finnish fattening pigs at slaughter","volume":"5","author":"Heikinheimo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e2","article-title":"Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Korea: Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of LA-MRSA strains isolated from pigs, pig farmers, and farm environment","volume":"21","author":"Back","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/7\/2038\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:43Z","timestamp":1760164063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/7\/2038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11072038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11072038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}