{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:28:49Z","timestamp":1777534129033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-ionizing, non-invasive technique that permits evaluating the comfort levels of animals, a topic of concern due to the growing interest in determining the state of health and welfare of production animals. The operating principle of IRT is detecting the heat irradiated in anatomical regions characterized by a high density of near-surface blood vessels that can regulate temperature gain or loss from\/to the environment by modifying blood flow. This is essential for understanding the various vascular thermoregulation mechanisms of different species, such as rodents and ruminants\u2019 tails. The usefulness of ocular, nasal, and vulvar thermal windows in the orbital (regio orbitalis), nasal (regio nasalis), and urogenital (regio urogenitalis) regions, respectively, has been demonstrated in cattle. However, recent evidence for the river buffalo has detected discrepancies in the data gathered from distinct thermal regions in these large ruminants, suggesting a limited sensitivity and specificity when used with this species due to various factors: the presence of hair, ambient temperature, and anatomical features, such as skin thickness and variations in blood supplies to different regions. In this review, a literature search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, using keyword combinations that included \u201cinfrared thermography\u201d, \u201cwater buffalo\u201d, \u201criver buffalo\u201d \u201cthermoregulation\u201d, \u201cmicrovascular changes\u201d, \u201clacrimal caruncle\u201d, \u201cudder\u201d, \u201cmastitis\u201d, and \u201cnostril\u201d. We discuss recent findings on four thermal windows\u2014the orbital and nasal regions, mammary gland in the udder region (regio uberis), and vulvar in the urogenital region (regio urogenitalis)\u2014to elucidate the factors that modulate and intervene in validating thermal windows and interpreting the information they provide, as it relates to the clinical usefulness of IRT for cattle (Bos) and the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T03:46:42Z","timestamp":1627616802000},"page":"2247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Clinical Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Used in Infrared Thermography in Cattle and River Buffalo to Assess Health and Productivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Lendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology\u2014Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n-Luis Guillermo Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Bertoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ana de Mira","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunc, P., and Knizkova, I. (2012). The Use of Infrared Thermography in Livestock Production and Veterinary Field. Infrared Thermography Recent Advances and Future Trends, Bentham Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.2174\/978160805143411201010085"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12055","article-title":"The Use of Infrared Thermography and Accelerometers for Remote Monitoring of Dairy Cow Health and Welfare","volume":"100","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Velarde, A., Maris-Huertas, S., and Cajiao, M.N. (2016). Animal Welfare, a Global Vision in Ibero-America, Elsevier Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.07.003","article-title":"Teaching Animal Welfare in Veterinary Schools in Latin America","volume":"6","author":"Orihuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.13068","article-title":"Review: Application of Infrared Thermography in Livestock Monitoring","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Guerrero-Legarreta, I., Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., and Orihuela, A. (2018). The Water Buffalo in the Americas, Practical and Experimental Approaches, BM Editores. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). The Latin American River Buffalo, Recent Findings, BM Editores. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurobiology and Modulation of Stress- Induced Hyperthermia and Fever in Animals","volume":"11","author":"Boscato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Abanico Vet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Titto, C.G., Orihuela, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., G\u00f3mez-Prado, J., Torres-Bernal, F., Flores-Padilla, K., Carvajal-de la Fuente, V., and Wang, D. (2021). Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061733"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva-Garc\u00eda, D., Mota-Rojas, D., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Mora-Medina, P., Salmer\u00f3n, C., G\u00f3mez, J., Boscato, L., Guti\u00e9rrez-P\u00e9rez, O., and Cruz, V. (2021). Hypothermia in Newly Born Piglets: Mechanisms of Thermoregulation and Pathophysiology of Death. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol., 9.","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.21001"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal Homeostasis in the Newborn Puppy: Behavioral and Physiological Responses","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, G., Sutherland, M., Waas, J., Schaefer, A., Cox, N., and Stewart, M. (2019). Infrared Thermography\u2014A Non-Invasive Method of Measuring Respiration Rate in Calves. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080535"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1040945","article-title":"Thermal Windows and Heat Exchange","volume":"2","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102664","article-title":"Advances in Infrared Thermography: Surgical Aspects, Vascular Changes, and Pain Monitoring in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01173.2001","article-title":"Selected Contribution: Ambient Temperature for Experiments in Rats: A New Method for Determining the Zone of Thermal Neutrality","volume":"92","author":"Romanovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-18-000049","article-title":"Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment","volume":"68","author":"Hankenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2020.1821574","article-title":"Physiological Responses of Pigs to Preslaughter Handling: Infrared and Thermal Imaging Applications","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaro, C., Conte-Junior, C.A., Medina-Vara, M., Mota-Rojas, D., Cruz-Monterrosa, R., and Guerrero-Legarreta, I. (2019). Effect of Pre-Slaughter Confinement Stress on Physicochemical Parameters of Chicken Meat. Ci\u00eanc. Anim. Bras., 20.","DOI":"10.1590\/1089-6891v20e-38059"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.02.022","article-title":"Infrared Thermography: A Non-Invasive Window into Thermal Physiology","volume":"202","author":"Tattersall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Verduzco-Mendoza, A., Lecona-Butr\u00f3n, H., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Mora-Medina, P., G\u00f3mez-Prado, J., and Orihuela, A. (2020). Infrared Thermal Imaging Associated with Pain in Laboratory Animals. Exp. Anim.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.20-0052"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Braghieri, A., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., Bertoni, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Cruz-Monterrosa, R., G\u00f3mez, J., Ram\u00edrez-Bribiesca, E., and Barrios-Garc\u00eda, H. (2021). Thermal Biology in River Buffalo in the Humid Tropics: Neurophysiological and Behavioral Responses Assessed by Infrared Thermography. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol., 9.","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.21003"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1015-9","article-title":"Infrared Thermography as a Tool to Evaluate Body Surface Temperature and Its Relationship with Feed Efficiency in Bos Indicus Cattle in Tropical Conditions","volume":"60","author":"Martello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.10.007","article-title":"Relationship between Residual Feed Intake and Radiated Heat Loss Using Infrared Thermography in Young Beef Bulls","volume":"78","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1069437","article-title":"Control of Cutaneous Blood Flow by Central Nervous System","volume":"2","author":"Ootsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Vainionp\u00e4\u00e4, M. (2014). Thermographic Imaging in Cats and Dogs Usability as a Clinical Method. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.013","article-title":"Cold-Induced Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue and Adipose Angiogenesis in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.06.006","article-title":"Behaviorally Mediated, Warm Adaptation: A Physiological Strategy When Mice Behaviorally Thermoregulate","volume":"44","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8327","article-title":"Assessment of Surface Temperatures of Buffalo Bulls (Bubalus bubalis) Raised under Tropical Conditions Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"68","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.11.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Infrared Thermography Body Temperature and Collar-Mounted Accelerometer and Acoustic Technology for Predicting Time of Ovulation of Cows in a Pasture-Based System","volume":"83","author":"Talukder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20038","article-title":"Scientific Findings Related to Changes in Vascular Microcirculation Using Infrared Thermography in the River Buffalo","volume":"8","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, J., and Orihuela, A. (2020). River Buffalo, European Cattle and Indian Cattle Welfare: Environmental, Physiological and Behavioral Aspects in Response to Natural and Artificial Shade. El b\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores. Available online: https:\/\/www.lifescienceglobal.com\/journals\/journal-of-buffalo-science\/97-abstract\/jbs\/4550-el-bufalo-de-agua-en-latinoamerica-hallazgos-recientes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.14269\/2318-1265\/jabb.v2n3p66-72","article-title":"Infrared Thermal Image for Assessing Animal Health and Welfare","volume":"2","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"363","article-title":"Quality of Life in Mental Health Services with a Focus on Psychiatric Rehabilitation Practice","volume":"47","author":"Gigantesco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (2017). Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, World Association of Veterinary Anatomist."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinescu, M.G. (2018). Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature, Georg Thieme Verlag. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-006-163308"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Romanovsky, A.A. (2018). Body temperature and clinical thermometry. Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Part II, Elsevier Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00668.2006","article-title":"Thermoregulation: Some Concepts Have Changed. Functional Architecture of the Thermoregulatory System","volume":"292","author":"Romanovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12231","article-title":"Skin Temperature: Its Role in Thermoregulation","volume":"210","author":"Romanovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). Termorragulaci\u00f3n del b\u00fafalo de agua: Mecanismos neurobiol\u00f3gicos, cambios microcirculatorios y aplicaciones pr\u00e1cticas de la termograf\u00eda infrarroja. El B\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.02.035","article-title":"Hypoxia-Induced Hypothermia Mediated by GABA in the Rostral Parapyramidal Area of the Medulla Oblongata","volume":"267","author":"Osaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.10.068","article-title":"Cutaneous Vasodilation Elicited by Disinhibition of the Caudal Portion of the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla of the Free-Behaving Rat","volume":"165","author":"Cerri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.09.023","article-title":"Infrared Thermal Imaging as a Method to Evaluate Heat Loss in Newborn Lambs","volume":"115","author":"Labeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114546","article-title":"Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation","volume":"81","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, G., Li, W., Meng, J., Tan, H., and Feng, Y. (2020). Non-Contact Evaluation of Pigs\u2019 Body Temperature Incorporating Environmental Factors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154282"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermographic Imaging of the Superficial Temperature in Racing Greyhounds before and after the Race","volume":"2012","author":"Tienhaara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2021.102981","article-title":"Use of High-Resolution Thermography as a Validation Measure to Confirm Epidural Anesthesia in Mice: A Cross-over Study","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.11.009","article-title":"Thermography as an Early Predictive Measurement for Evaluating Epidural and Femoral\u2013Sciatic Block Success in Dogs","volume":"44","author":"Blissitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.11.006","article-title":"Influence of Environmental Factors on Infrared Eye Temperature Measurements in Cattle","volume":"96","author":"Church","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idris, M., Uddin, J., Sullivan, M., McNeill, D.M., and Phillips, C.J.C. (2021). Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010071"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2008.09.001","article-title":"Application of Infrared Thermography as an Indicator of Heat and Methane Production and Its Use in the Study of Skin Temperature in Response to Physiological Events in Dairy Cattle (Bos Taurus)","volume":"33","author":"Montanholi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15221","article-title":"Infrared Thermography and Behavioral Biometrics Associated with Estrus Indicators and Ovulation in Estrus-Synchronized Dairy Cows Housed in Tiestalls","volume":"102","author":"Ambrose","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-4041-6","article-title":"Utility of Lacrimal Caruncle Infrared Thermography When Monitoring Alterations in Autonomic Activity in Healthy Humans","volume":"119","author":"Huggins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, M., Stookey, J.M., Stafford, K.J., Tucker, C.B., Rogers, A.R., Dowling, S.K., Verkerk, G.A., Schaefer, A.L., and Webster, J.R. (2009). Effects of Local Anesthetic and a Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug on Pain Responses of Dairy Calves to Hot-Iron Dehorning. J. Dairy Sci.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1578"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3114","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Autonomic Activity for Evaluation of Pain in Calves, Using Surgical Castration as a Model","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.06.009","article-title":"Application of Microchip and Infrared Thermography for Monitoring Body Temperature of Beef Cattle Kept on Pasture","volume":"84","author":"Giro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.11.044","article-title":"Eye Temperature and Heart Rate Variability of Calves Disbudded with or without Local Anaesthetic","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00098-8","article-title":"A Lameness Scoring System That Uses Posture and Gait to Predict Dairy Cattle Reproductive Performance","volume":"47","author":"Sprecher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, G., McCane, B., Sutherland, M., Waas, J., Schaefer, A., Cox, N., and Stewart, M. (2020). Automated Collection and Analysis of Infrared Thermograms for Measuring Eye and Cheek Temperatures in Calves. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020292"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.54386\/jam.v22i3.188","article-title":"Eye Temperature, an Indicator for Stress Levels in Young Buffalo Bulls\u2014A Case Study of Micro-Environment Modification","volume":"22","author":"Chikkagoudara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txy126","article-title":"Use of Thermal Imaging in Dairy Calves: Exploring the Repeatability and Accuracy of Measures Taken from Different Anatomical Regions1","volume":"3","author":"Scoley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermoregulatory and Behavioral Responses of Buffaloes With and Without Direct Sun Exposure During Abnormal Environmental Condition in Maraj\u00f3 Island, Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"7","author":"Joset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00180","article-title":"Infrared Thermography to Assess Thermoregulatory Reactions of Female Buffaloes in a Humid Tropical Environment","volume":"7","author":"Brcko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1307-9993","article-title":"Screening of Febrile Cows Using a Small Handheld Infrared Thermography Device","volume":"49","author":"Bleul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere\/Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04120-x","article-title":"Utility of Infrared Thermography When Monitoring Autonomic Activity","volume":"119","author":"Seixas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, M.A., Worth, G.M., Dowling, S.K., Lowe, G.L., Cave, V.M., and Stewart, M. (2020). Evaluation of Infrared Thermography as a Non-Invasive Method of Measuring the Autonomic Nervous Response in Sheep. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233558"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansson, A., Lindgren, G., Velie, B.D., and Sol\u00e9, M. (2021). An Investigation into Factors Influencing Basal Eye Temperature in the Domestic Horse (Equus Caballus) When Measured Using Infrared Thermography in Field Conditions. Physiol. Behav., 228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113218"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14999","article-title":"Technical Note: Development of a Noninvasive Respiration Rate Sensor for Cattle","volume":"102","author":"Strutzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Marques da Silva, D.C. (2019). Termografia Infravermelho e Medidas de Efici\u00eancia de Bubalinos de Tr\u00eas Grupos Gen\u00e9ticos Sob Condi\u00e7\u00f5es Tropicais. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-10-93","article-title":"Neonatal Non-Contact Respiratory Monitoring Based on Real-Time Infrared Thermography","volume":"10","author":"Abbas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102881","article-title":"Using Infrared Thermography to Detect Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Compost Barn Systems","volume":"97","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Potential Application of Infrared Thermography ( IRT ) in Mediterranean A Potential Application of Infrared Thermography ( IRT ) in Mediterranean Lactating Buffalo","volume":"2","author":"Sarubbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Basic Appl. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30615-0","article-title":"Contagious Mastitis","volume":"9","author":"Fox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1218","article-title":"Detection of Clinical Mastitis with the Help of a Thermal Camera","volume":"91","author":"Hovinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2807","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Infrared Thermography in Detection of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows","volume":"93","author":"Polat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). Anatomophysiology of the mammary gland: Neuroendocrinology of milk ejection in the river buffalo. El B\u00fafalo de Agua en Latinoam\u00e9rica, Hallazgos Recientes, BM Editores."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Budras, K.D., and Habel, R.E. (2003). Bovine Anatomy an Illustrated Text, Schulutersche. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1378-5","article-title":"Infrared Thermography Relationship between the Temperature of the Vulvar Skin, Ovarian Activity, and Pregnancy Rates in Braford Cows","volume":"49","author":"Radigonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.023","article-title":"Effect of Estrous Cycle Phase on Vulvar, Orbital Area and Muzzle Surface Temperatures as Determined Using Digital Infrared Thermography in Buffalo","volume":"197","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.01.027","article-title":"Infrared Thermography in Animal Production: An Overview","volume":"123","author":"McManus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.106145","article-title":"Scrotal Infrared Thermography and Testicular Biometry: Indicator of Semen Quality in Murrah Buffalo Bulls","volume":"209","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"180","article-title":"Termografia Por Infravermelho Na Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de Bubalinos","volume":"41","author":"Chacur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.24425\/122597","article-title":"Infrared Thermography as a Rapid and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool to Detect Inflammatory Foot Diseases in Dairy Cows","volume":"21","author":"Gianesella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71608-9","article-title":"Effects of Pasture on Lameness in Dairy Cows","volume":"90","author":"Veira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.08.021","article-title":"Monitoring Foot Surface Temperature Using Infrared Thermal Imaging for Assessment of Hoof Health Status in Cattle: A Review","volume":"78","author":"LokeshBabu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.052","article-title":"An Investigation into the Use of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as a Rapid Diagnostic Tool for Foot Lesions in Dairy Cattle","volume":"193","author":"Stokes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of Thermal Imaging for Identification of Foot Lesions in Dairy Cattle","volume":"66","author":"Orman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Act. Agric. Scand. A Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4762","article-title":"Detection of Hoof Lesions Using Digital Infrared Thermography in Dairy Cows","volume":"95","author":"Alsaaod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"12","article-title":"Screening of Febrile Cows Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"49","author":"Bleul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.030","article-title":"Infrared Thermography of the Udder Surface of Dairy Cattle: Characteristics, Methods, and Correlation with Rectal Temperature","volume":"199","author":"Metzner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.021","article-title":"The Non-Invasive and Automated Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease Onset in Receiver Calves Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"93","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Wang, D., Gon\u00e7alves Titto, C., G\u00f3mez-Prado, J., Carvajal-de la Fuenta, V., Ghezzi, M., Boscato-Funes, L., Barrios-Garc\u00eda, H., Torres-Bernal, F., and Casas-Alvarado, A. (2021). Pathophysiology of fever and application of infrared thermography (IRT) in the detection of sick domestic animals: Recent advances. Animals, in revision.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082316"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2015.02.007","article-title":"Classification of Factors Influencing the Use of Infrared Thermography in Humans: A Review","volume":"71","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughmiller, J.A., Spire, M.E., Dritz, S.S., Fenwick, B.W., Hosni, M.H., and Hogge, S.B. (2001). Relationship between Mean Body Surface Temperature Measured by Use of Infrared Thermography and Ambient Temperature in Clinically Normal Pigs and Pigs Inoculated with Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae. Am. J. Vet. Res.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.676"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.03.018","article-title":"The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Infrared Thermographic Images of Joints in the Distal Forelimbs of Healthy Racehorses","volume":"66","author":"Soroko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-01666-x","article-title":"Infrared Thermography Measured Body Surface Temperature and Its Relationship with Rectal Temperature in Dairy Cows under Different Temperature-Humidity Indexes","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, A., and Upadhyay, R. (2013). Heat Stress and Animal Productivity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-0879-2"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Klein, B.G. (2014). Thermoregulation. Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.07.006","article-title":"The Effects of High Temperature and Wallow on Physiological Responses of Swamp Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) during Winter Season in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Khongdee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.14269\/2318-1265.v01n01a05","article-title":"Temperamento de B\u00fafalas Em Sala de Ordenha Sobre \u00cdndices Produtivos e Adaptabilidade Ao Ambiente: Uma Revis\u00e3o","volume":"1","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01598.x","article-title":"Summer Anoestrus in Buffalo\u2014A Review","volume":"45","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2005.115","article-title":"On the Development of a Monitoring Scheme of Buffalo Welfare at Farm Level","volume":"4","author":"Napolitano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"59","article-title":"Productive Performance of Buffaloes and Their Development Options in Tropical Regions","volume":"19","author":"Bertoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Rural. Prod. Med. Ambiente"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102775","article-title":"Differences in Body Temperature between Black-and-White and Red-and-White Holstein Cows Reared on a Hot Climate Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"94","author":"Isola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.001","article-title":"Buffalo\u2019s Biological Functions as Affected by Heat Stress\u2014A Review","volume":"127","author":"Marai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345390","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5345390","article-title":"Histomorphometrical Study on Regional Variation in Distribution of Sweat Glands in Buffalo Skin","volume":"2018","author":"Debbarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600039587","article-title":"Skin Structure of Egyptian Buffaloes and Cattle with Particular Reference to Sweat Glands","volume":"46","author":"Hafez","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presicce, G.A. (2017). The Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)\u2014Production and Research, Bentham Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.2174\/97816810841761170101"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742170511000366","article-title":"Introduction of Domestic Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) into Ethiopia Would Be Feasible","volume":"27","author":"Desta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782008000800050","article-title":"Sistema Silvipastoril Na Amaz\u00f4nia: Ferramenta Para Elevar o Desempenho Produtivo de B\u00fafalos","volume":"38","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(99)00040-8","article-title":"Heat Stress in Murrah Buffalo Calves","volume":"61","author":"Das","year":"1999","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9434-4","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Indices and Cortisol Level in Blood in Water Buffaloes during Pregnancy and Early Postpartum Period","volume":"42","author":"Dimri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Pro."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Zhengkang, H., Zhenzhong, C., Shaohua, Z., Vale, W.G., Barnabe, V.H., and Mattos, J.C.A. (1994, January 27\u201330). Rumen Metabolism, Blood Corgisol and T3, T4 Levels and Other Physiological Paramaters of Swamp Buffalo Subjected to Solar Radiation. Proceedings of the IVth World Buffalo Congress, San Paulo, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Berdugo- Guti\u00e9rrez, J., Napolitano, F., Mota- Rojas, D., Gonz\u00e1lez, N.J., Ru\u00edz- Buitrago, J., and Guerrero-Legarreta, I. (2017). El B\u00fafalo de Agua y El Estr\u00e9s Cal\u00f3rico, BM Editores Special Section, Let\u00b4s Learn Animal Welfare Together."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2018.07.03.2","article-title":"Behaviour and Welfare of Dairy Buffaloes: Pasture or Confinement?","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2018.07.03.3","article-title":"Imprinting, Sucking and Allosucking Behaviors in Buffalo Calves","volume":"7","author":"Napolitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001109","article-title":"The Behaviour and Welfare of Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Modern Dairy Enterprises","volume":"7","author":"Napolitano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Thermorregulatory Capacity of Dairy Buffaloes Using Infrared Thermography","volume":"36","author":"Sevegnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Agric."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"7","article-title":"Heat Stress: Its Effect on the Immune Status of Dairy Cows","volume":"101","author":"Lendez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110232","article-title":"Alterations in TNF-\u03b1 and Its Receptors Expression in Cows Undergoing Heat Stress","volume":"235","author":"Lendez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, H., Wang, W., Guo, L., and Bindelle, J. (2021). Recent Advances on Early Detection of Heat Strain in Dairy Cows Using Animal-Based Indicators: A Review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040980"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.10.003","article-title":"Mapping the Body Surface Temperature of Cattle by Infrared Thermography","volume":"62","author":"Salles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13257","article-title":"Dairy Cow Reproduction under the Influence of Heat Stress","volume":"104","author":"Sammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2020.108173","article-title":"Using Infrared Thermography on Farm of Origin to Predict Meat Quality and Physiological Response in Cattle (Bos taurus) Exposed to Transport and Marketing","volume":"169","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2020.09.12","article-title":"Similarities and Differences between River Buffaloes and Cattle: Health, Physiological, Behavioral and Productivity Aspects","volume":"9","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F.-K., Shih, J.-Y., Juan, P.-H., Su, Y.-C., and Wang, Y.-C. (2021). Non-Invasive Cattle Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermography and Auxiliary Sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072425"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.04.012","article-title":"Use of Infrared Thermography to Assess the Influence of High Environmental Temperature on Rabbits","volume":"95","author":"Piles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0133","article-title":"Investigation of Various Essential Factors for Optimum Infrared Thermography","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/8\/2247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:37:08Z","timestamp":1760164628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/8\/2247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11082247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11082247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]}}}