{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:14:10Z","timestamp":1770491650349,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017495","name":"CONABIO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONABIO-NE018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONABIO-NE018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro, FCT, and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (MCT)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Aveiro, FCT, and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (MCT)","award":["FCT UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network","award":["RNEM, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RNEM, LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term retention of functional chloroplasts in animal cells occurs only in sacoglossan sea slugs. Analysis of molecules related to the maintenance of these organelles can provide valuable information on this trait (kleptoplasty). The goal of our research was to characterize the pigment and fatty acid (FA) composition of the sea slug Elysia crispata and their associated chloroplasts that are kept functional for a long time, and to quantify total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents, identifying differences between habitats: shallow (0\u20134 m) and deeper (8\u201312 m) waters. Specimens were sampled and analyzed after a month of food deprivation, through HPLC, GC-MS and colorimetric methods, to ensure an assessment of long-term kleptoplasty in relation to depth. Pigment signatures indicate that individuals retain chloroplasts from different macroalgal sources. FA classes, phospholipid and glycolipid contents displayed dissimilarities between depths. However, heterogeneities in pigment and FA profiles, as well as total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts in E. crispata were not related to habitat depth. The high content of chloroplast origin molecules, such as Chl a and glycolipids after a month of starvation, confirms that E. crispata retains chloroplasts in good biochemical condition. This characterization fills a knowledge gap of an animal model commonly employed to study kleptoplasty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T22:25:54Z","timestamp":1636064754000},"page":"3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pigment and Fatty Acid Heterogeneity in the Sea Slug Elysia crispata Is Not Shaped by Habitat Depth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xochitl Guadalupe","family":"Vital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1\u00b0 Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"UMDI-Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Puerto de Abrigo S\/N, Sisal 97356, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-7913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felisa","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Cartaxana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4775-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMDI-Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Puerto de Abrigo S\/N, Sisal 97356, Mexico"},{"name":"International Chair for Coastal and Marine Studies, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Sisal 97356, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells\u2014A unique evolutionary strategy in animal life","volume":"6","author":"Grzymbowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. 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