{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:38:02Z","timestamp":1769503082225,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0228\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/0228\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM)","award":["UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization (VALORIZA)","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS)","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. In economically disadvantaged regions, costs associated with long-term patient monitoring may determine that some owners decline veterinary follow-up of their dogs. This online, questionnaire-based survey aimed to assess how Portuguese veterinary practitioners perform long-term patient monitoring and recognize relapses. More than 50% of respondents reported that 50\u2013100% of dog owners declared financial restraints. Hence, in these circumstances, most veterinary practitioners only performed clinical examination and serology. However, when owners did not declare financial restriction, other tests were additionally performed, such as renal and hepatic profiles, hemogram, serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein creatinine ratio. The mean number of exams performed when owners presented financial restraints was significantly lower than the number of exams performed without economic limitations. Most veterinary practitioners prescribed allopurinol ad aeternum or until disease remission and domperidone. CanL relapses were recognized by more than half of respondents \u201cAlways\u201d, through the reappearance or worsening of clinical signs, whereas about a quarter detected an increase in anti-Leishmania antibody levels and identified abnormalities in the serum protein electrophoresis profile. The relapse rate was higher in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and north, the most economically favored regions of Portugal. This study confirms that owner financial restraints negatively influence veterinary follow-up and relapse recognition, ultimately compromising clinical decision making and favoring the maintenance of Leishmania infantum infection endemicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1647313570000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Questionnaire-Based Survey on the Long-Term Management of Canine Leishmaniosis by Veterinary Practitioners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization (VALORIZA), 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Vala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Santos-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)57001-X","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Alvar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis\u2014New concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: Part one","volume":"24","author":"Baneth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.04.028","article-title":"Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic Mediterranean region","volume":"189","author":"Cortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"318","article-title":"Geographical variation and factors associated to seroprevalence of canine leishmaniosis in an endemic Mediterranean area","volume":"57","author":"Alonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-86","article-title":"LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"4","author":"Koutinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.04.001","article-title":"Prognosis and monitoring of leishmaniasis in dogs: A working group report","volume":"198","author":"Roura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M.A., Santos, R., Oliveira, R., Costa, L., Prata, A., Gon\u00e7alves, V., Roquette, M., Vala, H., and Santos-Gomes, G. (2020). Prognostic Factors and Life Expectancy in Canine Leishmaniosis. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030128"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.019","article-title":"Clinical and Parasitological evaluation of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi submitted to treatment with meglumine antimoniate","volume":"143","author":"Lopes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100637","article-title":"Prognostic analytes in dogs with Leishmania infantum infection living in a non-endemic area","volume":"171","author":"Geisweid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00362","article-title":"Meglumine Antimoniate and Miltefosine Combined With Allopurinol Sustain Pro-inflammatory Immune Environments During Canine Leishmaniosis Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00128-9","article-title":"Evaluation of a specific immunochemotherapy for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"88","author":"Guarga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00223-08","article-title":"Reduced tissue Parasitic load and infectivity to sand flies in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi following treatment with a liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate","volume":"52","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-52","article-title":"Infectivity to Phlebotomus perniciosus of dogs naturally Parasitized with Leishmania infantum after different treatments","volume":"4","author":"Fraile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-12","article-title":"Efficacy of combined therapy with liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol in treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Amorim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04799-y","article-title":"Diagnosis and clinical management of canine leishmaniosis by general veterinary practitioners: A questionnaire-based survey in Portugal","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.09.014","article-title":"Use of domperidone in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis: A clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"Castillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.04.014","article-title":"Randomized, allopurinol-controlled trial of the effects of dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"239","author":"Segarra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261105","article-title":"Allopurinol in the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"326","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00399-5","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial with allopurinol in canine leishmaniosis","volume":"98","author":"Koutinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12484","article-title":"Adverse urinary effects of allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.11.1935","article-title":"Xanthine-containing urinary calculi in dogs given allopurinol","volume":"198","author":"Ling","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623742","article-title":"Pyonephrose durch Xanthinsteine bei einer mit Allopurinol behandelten H\u00fcndin [Pyonephrosis due to xanthine stones in a bitch treated with allopurinol]","volume":"42","author":"Maier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasur-Landau, D., Jaffe, C.L., David, L., and Baneth, G. (2016). Allopurinol Resistance in Leishmania infantum from Dogs with Disease Relapse. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004341"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00115-2","article-title":"Chemotherapy of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"106","author":"Baneth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0896-0","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of dogs with leishmaniosis treated with meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol versus miltefosine plus allopurinol","volume":"8","author":"Manna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.01.005","article-title":"Monitoring the reverse to normal of clinico-pathological findings and the disease free interval time using four different treatment protocols for canine leishmaniosis in an endemic area","volume":"93","author":"Paradies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.025","article-title":"Long term follow-up of dogs diagnosed with leishmaniosis (clinical stage II) and treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol","volume":"188","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.119","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia: Relationship between clinical and Parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies","volume":"64","author":"Travi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.015","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil: Relationship between clinical features and infectivity for sand flies","volume":"117","author":"Soares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190164","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniasis Control in the Context of One Health","volume":"25","author":"Baneth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.011","article-title":"Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"227","author":"Reguera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.022","article-title":"Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"165","author":"Koutinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.11.1184","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniasis Working Group, Italian Society of Veterinarians of Companion Animals. Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs","volume":"236","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, August 16). IRIS Staging of CKD. International Renal Interest Society. Available online: http:\/\/iris-kidney.com\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.10.011","article-title":"Clinicopathological findings in sick dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum: Comparison of five different clinical classification systems","volume":"117","author":"Ordeix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13249","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniosis Working Group. Canine leishmaniosis and kidney disease: Q&A for an overall management in clinical practice","volume":"62","author":"Roura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.013","article-title":"Questionnaire survey on Canine Leishmaniosis in southeastern Spain","volume":"164","author":"Segovia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"21","article-title":"Geographical distribution, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis in Portugal: A 2007 field survey","volume":"109","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Ci\u00eanc Vet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.07.002","article-title":"Questionnaire-based survey on the clinical management of canine leishmaniosis in the Madrid region (central Spain)","volume":"102","author":"Descalzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"103","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) in Slovenia: A questionnaire-based survey","volume":"49","author":"Kotnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-110","article-title":"Management of canine leishmaniosis in endemic SW European regions: A questionnaire-based multinational survey","volume":"7","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103653","article-title":"Management, prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniosis in north-eastern Spain: An online questionnaire-based survey in the province of Girona with special emphasis on new preventive methods (CaniLeish vaccine and domperidone)","volume":"180","author":"Picado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.013","article-title":"Awareness and control of canine leishmaniosis: A survey among Spanish and French veterinarians","volume":"253","author":"Overgaauw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04080-8","article-title":"Latest trends in L. infantum infection in dogs in Spain, Part II: Current clinical management and control according to a national survey of veterinary practitioners","volume":"13","author":"Montoya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105148","article-title":"Preventive measures of canine leishmaniosis in Italy: Attitudes of veterinarians based on a questionnaire","volume":"183","author":"Zini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.09.003","article-title":"First survey on canine leishmaniasis in a non classical area of the disease in Spain (Lleida, Catalonia) based on a veterinary questionnaire and a cross-sectional study","volume":"109","author":"Ballart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-0276108042013014","article-title":"Leishmania infection and host-blood feeding preferences of phlebotomine sandflies and canine leishmaniasis in an endemic European area, the Algarve Region in Portugal","volume":"108","author":"Maia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.393","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between initial proteinuria and morbidity rate or death in dogs with naturally occurring chronic renal failure","volume":"226","author":"Jacob","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x","article-title":"American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum Consensus Statement (small animal)","volume":"19","author":"Lees","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612015007","article-title":"Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis","volume":"24","author":"Braga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01809.x","article-title":"Systemic hypertension in dogs with leishmaniasis: Prevalence and clinical consequences","volume":"20","author":"Cortadellas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00460.x","article-title":"Treatment of canine Old World visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Noli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02850.x","article-title":"Effects of allopurinol treatment on the progression of chronic nephritis in Canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum)","volume":"20","author":"Plevraki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03649.x","article-title":"Use of allopurinol for maintenance of remission in dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Ginel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2705-z","article-title":"Prevention of disease progression in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs with dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound","volume":"11","author":"Segarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2008.00048.x","article-title":"Extranodal gammadelta-T-cell lymphoma in a dog with leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"Pagano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813480192","article-title":"Leishmania amastigotes in neoplastic cells of 3 nonhistiocytic canine tumors","volume":"50","author":"Ferro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00114-0","article-title":"Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Leishmania infantum co-infection in dogs","volume":"106","author":"Cringoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.003","article-title":"Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: Part one","volume":"25","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.4.112","article-title":"PCR survey of vectorborne pathogens in dogs living in and around Barcelona, an area endemic for leishmaniasis","volume":"164","author":"Tabar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-97","article-title":"Are vector-borne pathogen co-infections complicating the clinical presentation in dogs?","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2717-8","article-title":"Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: A prospective case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Attipa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2724-9","article-title":"Does co-infection with vector-borne pathogens play a role in clinical canine leishmaniosis?","volume":"11","author":"Baxarias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412808","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/412808","article-title":"Relationship between Leishmania IFAT titer and clinicopathological manifestations (clinical score) in dogs","volume":"2014","author":"Proverbio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879901100211","article-title":"Value of Western blotting in the clinical follow-up of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Cuquerella","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00178-X","article-title":"Follow-up of Leishmania infantum naturally infected dogs treated with allopurinol: Immunofluorescence antibody test, ELISA and Western blot","volume":"84","author":"Vercammen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.20.514","article-title":"Serological diagnosis and treatment of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"136","author":"Ferrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Rec."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/6\/731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:36:27Z","timestamp":1760135787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/6\/731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12060731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12060731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]}}}