{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:41:28Z","timestamp":1774885288444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Social Fund and Portuguese National Funds from MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135581\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01366\/201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+ LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"I3N","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Companion animals living in urban areas are exposed to environmental contaminants, which may include microplastics. A preliminary study was conducted by collecting postmortem samples from the internal tissue (lungs, ileum, liver, kidney, and blood clots) of 25 dogs (Canis familiaris) and 24 cats (Felis catus) living in an urban environment in Porto metropolitan area, Portugal. Suspected microplastics were found in 80 samples from 35 animals (18 cats and 17 dogs), often occurring in more than one tissue of the same animal (71.4%), primarily under small sizes (50.3% as 1\u201310 \u00b5m). Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed a fraction of particles as common polymer types (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate). However, the number of particles was very low. This study highlights the possibilities of the internalization and distribution of microplastics in the internal tissues of terrestrial vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Microplastics in Internal Tissues of Companion Animals from Urban Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana C.","family":"Prata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. Patr\u00edcio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Dias-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-828X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9 Silva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florinda Mendes","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N & Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rocha-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, M., and Lambert, S. (2018). Sources and Fate of Microplastics in Urban Areas: A Focus on Paris Megacity. Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61615-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082","article-title":"The plastic in microplastics: A review","volume":"119","author":"Andrady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.003","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathways potentially related to hazard identification of microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms","volume":"231","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.11.035","article-title":"Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat\u2014The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle","volume":"96","author":"Cornell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146094","article-title":"A One Health perspective of the impacts of microplastics on animal, human and environmental health","volume":"777","author":"Prata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.11.008","article-title":"Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast","volume":"101","author":"Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.04927.05A","article-title":"Microplastics in wild mussels (Mytilus spp.) from the north coast of Spain","volume":"83","author":"Reguera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114633","article-title":"Microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts in birds of prey in central Florida, USA","volume":"264","author":"Carlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37428-3","article-title":"Microplastics in marine mammals stranded around the British coast: Ubiquitous but transitory?","volume":"9","author":"Nelms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.11.024","article-title":"The occurrence of microplastic in specific organs in commercially caught fishes from coast and estuary area of east China","volume":"365","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(08)60188-X","article-title":"Persorption of Particles: Physiology and Pharmacology","volume":"14","author":"Volkheimer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.12.009","article-title":"Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: The gastrointestinal mucus barriers","volume":"64","author":"Ensign","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111681","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of fish with microplastics: A brief global overview","volume":"160","author":"Sequeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.575058","article-title":"Documentation of Microplastics in Tissues of Wild Coastal Animals","volume":"9","author":"Haave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03912","article-title":"Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polycarbonate Microplastics in Pet Food and Feces from the United States","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147065","article-title":"Preparation of biological samples for microplastic identification by Nile Red","volume":"783","author":"Prata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.060","article-title":"A new approach for routine quantification of microplastics using Nile Red and automated software (MP-VAT)","volume":"690","author":"Prata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137498","article-title":"Major factors influencing the quantification of Nile Red stained microplastics and improved automatic quantification (MP-VAT 2.0)","volume":"719","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cowger, W., Gray, A., Hapich, H., Rochman, C., Lynch, J., Primpke, S., Munno, K., De Frond, H., and Herodotou, O. (2020, December 12). Open Specy. Available online: www.openspecy.org."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12467-y","article-title":"Microplastic analysis in drinking water based on fractionated filtration sampling and Raman microspectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Pittroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00783.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 208 cases","volume":"50","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.20.3.110","article-title":"Blood transfusions in the dog and cat Part 1. Blood collection techniques","volume":"20","author":"Knottenbelt","year":"1998","journal-title":"In Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018JC014719","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014719","article-title":"A Global Perspective on Microplastics","volume":"125","author":"Hale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2019). The European Union One Health 2018 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 17, e05926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"FAO (2020, June 01). Microplastics in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/I7677E\/I7677E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.09.017","article-title":"Energy independent uptake and release of polystyrene nanoparticles in primary mammalian cell cultures","volume":"330","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(90)90133-E","article-title":"Controlled vaccine release in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. I. Orally administered biodegradable microspheres target the peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"11","author":"Eldridge","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00152-1","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics","volume":"50","author":"Hussain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51092.x","article-title":"Hematogeneous dissemination of ingested polyvinyl chloride particles","volume":"246","author":"Volkheimer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd1211","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd1211","article-title":"Environmental exposure enhances the internalization of microplastic particles into cells","volume":"6","author":"Ramsperger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.12.005","article-title":"Splenic foreign body in a cat","volume":"10","author":"Culp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03080.x","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of foreign body reactions in dogs with diffuse back pain","volume":"40","author":"Frendin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00249.x","article-title":"Migration of wooden skewer foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract in eight dogs","volume":"45","author":"Hunt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15143","article-title":"Association between indoor air pollution and respiratory disease in companion dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.960-963","article-title":"Species determination using the red blood cells morphometry in domestic animals","volume":"9","author":"Adili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46687","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687","article-title":"Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600670417","article-title":"Distribution of Radiolabeled Subvisible Microspheres after Intravenous Administration to Beagle Dogs","volume":"67","author":"Schroeder","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/088391159300800302","article-title":"Blood Clearance and Organ Distribution of Intravenously Administered Polystyrene Microspheres of Different Sizes","volume":"8","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V57.4.764.764","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of C3 activation at polymer surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Herzlinger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.30.1.82","article-title":"Direct Measurement of Superficial and Deep Venous Flow in the Cat Kidney","volume":"30","author":"Nissen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600700621","article-title":"Acute Hemodynamic Effects and Blood Pool Kinetics of Polystyrene Microspheres following Intravenous Administration","volume":"70","author":"Slack","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.200.6.1191","article-title":"Size of microspheres passing through pulmonary circuit in the dog","volume":"200","author":"Ring","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Content"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-008-0205-1","article-title":"Manufactured nanoparticles: Their uptake and effects on fish\u2014A mechanistic analysis","volume":"17","author":"Handy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03096-6","article-title":"Phagocytosis in cellular defense and nutrition: A food-centered approach to the evolution of macrophages","volume":"377","author":"Hartenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91869-E","article-title":"Non-phagocytic uptake of intravenously injected microspheres in rat spleen: Influence of particle size and hydrophilic coating","volume":"177","author":"Moghimi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.03.039","article-title":"Parameters influencing the stealthiness of colloidal drug delivery systems","volume":"27","author":"Vonarbourg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020, June 01). PlasticsEurope Plastics\u2014The Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.plasticseurope.org\/en\/resources\/market-data."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.060","article-title":"Identification of microplastics using Raman spectroscopy: Latest developments and future prospects","volume":"142","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/15\/1979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:18Z","timestamp":1760141058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/15\/1979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12151979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12151979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}