{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:40:05Z","timestamp":1776310805603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-SAP\/113651\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-SAP\/113651\/2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cephalosporins and polymyxins are employed in antimicrobial protocols to control and treat neonatal infections and post-weaning diarrhoea in swine operations. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the colonization and transmission of antibiotic\u2013resistant Escherichia coli in sows and their piglets in a farrow-to-finish operation, focusing on characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and mcr genes, virulence traits and genetic relatedness. A total of 293 E. coli isolates were obtained from faecal samples collected in five time points. At birth blaCTX-M-1group cluster was detected in E. coli isolates from 9 sows and 49 piglets (73.41%), while in the following four\u2019 piglets sampling moments it was detected in 91.8%, 57.6%, 71.4% and 97.4%. The gene mcr-1 was detected in E. coli from one sow and from three piglets from different litters at birth and increased in the first weeks of piglet life (68.85%, 100%, 90% and 8.1%). A new mcr-4 allele, mcr-4.7, was identified in 3.28%, 28.57%, 7.5% of E. coli isolates. Most mcr-positive E. coli isolates (96,7%) carried blaCTX-M-1Group genes and 93,33% carried both mcr-4 and mcr-1. CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-32 were the most predominant ESBLs. Plasmids belonged to IncI1, IncF and IncN groups. Most isolates belong to phylogenetic group B1; PAI IV536 marker was detected in nine isolates. The strains were kept in the different stages of the piglets\u2019 life. The use of ceftiofur and colistin may explain the high prevalence and co-selection of blaCTX-M-1Group and mcr-1 and\/or -4 genes, contributing to the maintenance of resistant and virulent isolates throughout the pig life cycle that may reach the food chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1661721776000},"page":"2209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Longitudinal Study Detects the Co-Carriage of ESBL and mcr-1 and -4 Genes in Escherichia coli Strains in a Portuguese Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herd"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6913-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School Vasco Da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Constan\u00e7a","family":"Pomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Jorge","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.2.2292","article-title":"The potential contribution of Iivestock to food and nutrition security: The application of the One Health approach in livestock policy and practice","volume":"33","author":"Nabarro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. 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