{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:50:36Z","timestamp":1770915036617,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/118618\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144437\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144582\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01463\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The WHO considers that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the ten greatest global public health risks of the 21st century. The expansion of human populations and anthropogenically related activities, accompanied by the fragmentation of natural habitats, has resulted in increased human\u2013wildlife interaction. Natural ecosystems are therefore subjected to anthropogenic inputs, which affect the resistome of wild animals. Thus, urgent multisectoral action is needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals following the One Health approach. The present work falls within the scope of this approach and aims to characterize the AMR of the faecal microbiome of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), an opportunistic and generalist synanthropic species whose abundance has been increasing in urban and peri-urban areas. A high number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were screened and quantified using a high-throughput qPCR approach, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of cultivable E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were assessed interpreted with both ECOFFs and clinical breakpoints. The most abundant ARGs detected confer resistance to trimethoprim and tetracyclines, although the first were absent in one of the locations studied. Several ARGs considered to be threats to human health were identified in high relative abundances (blaTEM, ermB, aadA, tetM, tetW, tetL, drfA1 and drfA17), especially in the geographical area with greater anthropogenic influence. Although at a low percentage, resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were isolated, including one MDR E. coli showing resistance to 12 antimicrobials from 6 different classes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"2572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unravelling the Diversity and Abundance of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Faecal Resistome and the Phenotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility of Indicator Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1rio","family":"Hip\u00f3lito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2623-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience & CEES, University of Oslo, Blindernvn, 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"ForestWISE\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Mendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2016.1195900","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance\u2014A Threat to the World\u2019s Sustainable Development","volume":"121","author":"Littmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.06.005","article-title":"Environmental and Clinical Antibiotic Resistomes, Same Only Different","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.06.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"30","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.04.002","article-title":"Overview: The Ongoing Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"34","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.08.001","article-title":"Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers: A Potential Threat to Public Health","volume":"27","author":"Samreen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00551","article-title":"Influence of Manure Application on the Environmental Resistome under Finnish Agricultural Practice with Restricted Antibiotic Use","volume":"51","author":"Muurinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.09.022","article-title":"The Analysis of Animal Faeces as a Tool to Monitor Antibiotic Usage","volume":"132","author":"Berendsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312","article-title":"Call of the Wild: Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural Environments","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12596","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife","volume":"53","author":"Vittecoq","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100198","article-title":"Temporal and Geographical Research Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife\u2014A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.180","article-title":"Anthropogenic Environmental Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife","volume":"649","author":"Swift","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101669","article-title":"Molecular Survey on Tick-Borne Pathogens and Leishmania Infantum in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Sgroi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2006.12.007","article-title":"Variation in the Diet Composition of a Generalist Predator, the Red Fox, in Relation to Season and Density of Main Prey","volume":"31","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3021-3","article-title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Central Europe (Poland): A Significant Zoonotic Threat","volume":"11","author":"Karamon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.022","article-title":"Occurrence of Quinolone Resistant E. Coli Originating from Different Animal Species in Norway","volume":"217","author":"Kaspersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596891","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.596891","article-title":"Estimation of the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Badgers (Meles meles) and Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Ireland","volume":"12","author":"Couzens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, S.S., Urdahl, A.M., Madslien, K., Sunde, M., Nesse, L.L., Sletteme\u00e5s, J.S., and Norstr\u00f6m, M. (2018). What Does the Fox Say? Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment Using Wild Red Foxes as an Indicator. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198019"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0191","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence Factors in Escherichia Coli from Sympatric Wildlife of the Apuan Alps Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"25","author":"Turchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.06.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Escherichia Coli and Enterococci from Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"23","author":"Radhouani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix097","article-title":"Novel Sequence Types of Extended-Spectrum and Acquired AmpC Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Clade V Isolated from Wild Mammals","volume":"93","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.3.769","article-title":"Clonal Lineages, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Fecal Samples of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"47","author":"Radhouani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.06.0317","article-title":"Culture-Based Methods for Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Agroecosystems: Advantages, Challenges, and Gaps in Knowledge","volume":"45","author":"McLain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiy130","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy130","article-title":"Primer Set 2.0 for Highly Parallel QPCR Array Targeting Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Mobile Genetic Elements","volume":"94","author":"Stedtfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Bacteria: Application of a One Health Approach, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3439","article-title":"Tackling Antibiotic Resistance: The Environmental Framework","volume":"13","author":"Berendonk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118406","article-title":"A Closer Look on the Variety and Abundance of the Faecal Resistome of Wild Boar","volume":"292","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furstenau, T.N., Cocking, J.H., Hepp, C.M., and Fofanov, V.Y. (2020). Sample Pooling Methods for Efficient Pathogen Screening: Practical Implications. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.16.206060"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5","article-title":"Surveillance of Enterococcus Spp. Reveals Distinct Species and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity across a One-Health Continuum","volume":"10","author":"Zaheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1845-1850.2002","article-title":"An Enterococcus Faecalis ABC Homologue (Lsa) Is Required for the Resistance of This Species to Clindamycin and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12624","article-title":"Normalized Resistance Interpretation, the NRI Method","volume":"124","author":"Kronvall","year":"2016","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sievert, C. (2020). Interactive Web-Based Data Visualization with R, Plotly, and Shiny, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429447273"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-012-0853-7","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates from Red Foxes in Portugal","volume":"195","author":"Radhouani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ska, M., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Hendriksen, R.S., Aarestrup, F.M., and Wasyl, D. (2020). A Metagenomic Glimpse into the Gut of Wild and Domestic Animals: Quantification of Antimicrobial Resistance and More. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242987"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84759-9","article-title":"Swine Growth Promotion with Antibiotics or Alternatives Can Increase Antibiotic Resistance Gene Mobility Potential","volume":"11","author":"Muurinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153831","article-title":"Oh, Deer! How Worried Should We Be about the Diversity and Abundance of the Faecal Resistome of Red Deer?","volume":"825","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.093","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacterial Communities in Cornfield and Pasture Soils Receiving Swine and Dairy Manures","volume":"248","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.034","article-title":"Understanding Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in High Arctic Soil Ecosystems","volume":"125","author":"McCann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-020-0051-0","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Livestock Waste: Occurrence, Dissemination, and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138247","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Andean Foxes Inhabiting Anthropized Landscapes in Central Chile","volume":"724","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.226","article-title":"Using the Class 1 Integron-Integrase Gene as a Proxy for Anthropogenic Pollution","volume":"9","author":"Gillings","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25096-3","article-title":"An Omics-Based Framework for Assessing the Health Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, N., Phythian, C.J., Currie, C., Tassi, R., Ballingall, K.T., Magro, G., McNeilly, T.N., and Zadoks, R.N. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance in Ovine Bacteria: A Sheep in Wolf\u2019s Clothing?. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238708"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606377","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.606377","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex Gymnocercus) and Geoffroy\u2019s Cats (Leopardus Geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome","volume":"7","author":"Huff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, May 02). ECDC Trend of Antimicrobial Consumption by Country. Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/antimicrobial-consumption\/database\/trend-country."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2021). Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2019 and 2020, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128135","article-title":"Employing Bacteria Machinery for Antibiotic Detection: Using DNA Gyrase for Ciprofloxacin Detection","volume":"409","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/19\/2572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:03Z","timestamp":1760143203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/19\/2572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12192572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12192572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]}}}