{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:40:26Z","timestamp":1778010026101,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothermia, a factor associated with neonatal mortality, can occur immediately after birth as a protective mechanism to prevent hypoxic damage in neonates, or to reduce the metabolic rate to improve the chances of survival in the first hours of life. The heat interchange through the superficial temperature of animals can be evaluated with infrared thermography (IRT). However, to date, there is no information on thermal windows in puppies. This study aimed to evaluate, with the use of IRT, the microcirculatory alterations in 8 different thermal windows identified at 7 different times in 289 newborn puppies assigned to different groups. Three thermograms were taken from four zones of each puppy: the facial, frontal, right lateral, and left lateral regions. Newborn puppies were grouped in 4 quartiles according to their weight: Q1 (126\u2013226 g) n = 73, Q2 (227\u2013330 g) n = 72, Q3 (331\u2013387 g) n = 74, and Q4 (388\u2013452 g) n = 70. A total of 8 thermal windows were considered at 7 evaluation times from Wet at birth until 24 h after birth (AB). Two-way mixed ANOVA within and between subjects\u2019 design for each thermal window (eight models) was performed. Results revealed a positive correlation between the puppy\u2019s weight and its ability to achieve thermostability in all the evaluated thermal windows. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.0001) between the 4 quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) were found. The lowest temperatures were recorded when the pups were still wet and the highest at 24 h AB. Thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal (34.234 \u00b1 0.056 \u00b0C), thoracic (33.705 \u00b1 0.049 \u00b0C), nasal (30.671 \u00b1 0.110 \u00b0C), and upper left palpebral (34.066 \u00b1 0.052 \u00b0C), while the lowest were thoracic limb brachial biceps (27.534 \u00b1 0.051 \u00b0C), thoracic limb elbow (27.141 \u00b1 0.049 \u00b0C), thoracic limb metacarpal (27.024 \u00b1 0.062 \u00b0C), and femoral pelvic limb (27.654 \u00b1 0.055 \u00b0C). Assessing the thermal response in newborn puppies can help identify drastic temperature reductions or deficient thermoregulatory compensation during the first hours of life, preventing the consequences of hypothermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T02:20:57Z","timestamp":1671070857000},"page":"3536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Is the Weight of the Newborn Puppy Related to Its Thermal Balance?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Lezama-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, [Doctorado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud], Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00edriam","family":"Marcet-Rius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, IRSEA (Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Gazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology\u2014Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Baqueiro-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}]},{"given":"Ana de Mira","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tortora, G., and Derrickson, B. 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