{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:24:20Z","timestamp":1776396260004,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.09461.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.09461.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteropathogenic parasites and viruses have been frequently reported in swine and can infect a wide range of mammals, including humans. Among the wide variety of parasites infecting swine, diarrhoeagenic protists are among those that cause significant morbidity. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been reported both in domestic pigs and wild boar and is known to have an important public health significance. These agents share the fecal\u2013oral transmission route, but data on their fecal shedding and circulation pathways are still lacking or incomplete. Hence, the aim of the present study was to characterize the presence of microeukaryotes and HEV in the wild boar of Portugal. Wild boar stool samples (n = 144) were obtained during the official hunting seasons (October to February) in 2018\/2019, 2019\/2020, and 2021\/2022 and tested for Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides\u00a0coli, Giardia\u00a0duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon\u00a0bieneusi and HEV by molecular assays, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We have detected Cryptosporidium\u00a0scrofarum (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.2\u20134.9), B. coli (14.6%, 95% CI: 9.2\u201321.4), Blastocystis ST5 (29.2%, 95% CI: 21.9\u201337.2) and HEV genotype 3 (2.8%, 95% CI: 0.7\u20136.9; subgenotypes 3e and 3m). Co-infections were observed in thirteen animals where two were positive for both HEV and B. coli, one was positive for both C.\u00a0scrofarum and Blastocystis ST5, and ten were positive for both B. coli and Blastocystis ST5. Giardia\u00a0duodenalis and E. bieneusi were not detected in the surveyed wild boar population. As far as we know, this is the first report describing protist infections by Cryptosporidium spp., B. coli, and Blastocystis sp., as well as the first identification of the emerging HEV genotype 3m in wild boar of Portugal. The present work shows that potentially zoonotic protozoa and HEV are circulating in wild boar populations in Portugal. Awareness and epidemic-surveillance network implementation measures targeting wild boar are needed to prevent the spread of these pathogenic agents to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T02:28:44Z","timestamp":1673490524000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Survey of Zoonotic Diarrheagenic Protist and Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Santos-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny Franciele da Silva Dias","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Department for the Environment of Mato Grosso (SEMA), Cuiab\u00e1 78049-913, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses, Instituto Maimonides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (UCO), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3729-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josman D.","family":"Palmeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita T.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carmena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rivero-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses, Instituto Maimonides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba (UCO), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protist enteroparasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus) and black Iberian pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in southern Spain: A protective effect on hepatitis e acquisition?","volume":"13","author":"Dashti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. 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