{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:34:05Z","timestamp":1771259645908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.)","award":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.)","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.)","award":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/31728\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/31728\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/31728\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-ECO\/31728\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are important diarrhea-causing protozoan parasites worldwide that exhibit broad host ranges. Wild small mammals can harbor host-adapted and potentially zoonotic species of both parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild rodents and shrews in Portugal, focusing on the protist\u2019s occurrence and genetic diversity. Molecular screening by PCR at the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene locus of 290 fecal samples from wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), southwestern water voles (Arvicola sapidus), Cabrera\u2019s voles (Microtus cabrerae), Lusitanian pine voles (Microtus lusitanicus), Algerian mice (Mus spretus) and greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula) in Northeast Portugal revealed the low occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (1%) and high occurrence of Giardia spp. (32.8%). The analysis revealed that \u201cspecies\u201d was the only significant factor associated with the increasing probability of Giardia spp. infection, with the highest prevalence reported in southwestern water voles and Lusitanian pine voles. Cryptosporidium and Giardia species determination at the SSU rRNA gene locus revealed C. muris and G. microti as the only circulating species, respectively. Subtyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and beta-giardin (bg) genes provided evidence of the high genetic diversity within the G. microti clade. This study suggests that rodent-adapted G. microti occurs to a large extent in cricetid hosts and supports the limited role of wild rodents and shrews as natural sources of human infections in Northeast Portugal regarding the investigated parasites. Moreover, this is the first record of G. microti in southwestern water voles, Lusitanian pine voles, Algerian mice, wood mice and Cabrera\u2019s voles and C. muris in Cabrera\u2019s voles. Finally, this study improves the database of sequences relevant for the sequence typing of G. microti strains and provides new insights about the epidemiology of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents and shrews, two parasite genera of high importance for public and animal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T03:24:49Z","timestamp":1675308289000},"page":"515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Detection and Molecular Characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. Circulating in Wild Small Mammals from Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2837-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greifswald, Domstra\u00dfe 11, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer G.","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, S\u00fcdufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Santos-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3633-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Imholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius K\u00fchn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Klotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Paup\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, IIFA\u2014Institute for Research and Advanced Training, UBC\u2014Conservation Biology Lab, University of \u00c9vora, Mitra Pole, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4171-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lia","family":"Vale-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia Fluvial e Terrestre, CITAB\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C\u00e9lio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Biol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9rtola, 7750 M\u00e9rtola, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1344-9","article-title":"Does land-use change increase the abundance of zoonotic reservoirs? Rodents say yes","volume":"66","author":"Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivist\u00f6, R., K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, S., Huitu, O., Niemimaa, J., and Henttonen, H. (2021). Zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild Rodents and Shrews. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112242"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410902989837","article-title":"Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health","volume":"35","author":"Meerburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n-Puchades, M., Trelis, M., S\u00e1ez-Dur\u00e1n, S., Cifre, S., Gos\u00e1lvez, C., Sanxis-Furi\u00f3, J., Pascual, J., Bueno-Mar\u00ed, R., Franco, S., and Peracho, V. (2021). One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Molecular Detection of Intestinal Protozoans in an Urban Population of Norway Rats, Rattus norvegicus, in Barcelona, Spain. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030311"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2457","article-title":"Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Mammals from Germany","volume":"20","author":"Riebold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.009","article-title":"The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"35","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0814-5","article-title":"Presence of zoonotic agents in engorged ticks and hedgehog faeces from Erinaceus europaeus in (sub) urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00331-9","article-title":"The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in wild rodents and insectivores in Spain","volume":"92","author":"Torres","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet.-Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprong, H., Cacci\u00f2, S.M., van der Giessen, J.W.B., and on behalf of the ZOOPNET network and partners (2009). Identification of Zoonotic Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000558"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016013","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts","volume":"23","author":"Heyworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07325-2","article-title":"Zoonotic giardiasis: An update","volume":"120","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.12.001","article-title":"Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex","volume":"66","author":"Lalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394303-3.00003-7","article-title":"Giardia\u2014From Genome to Proteome","volume":"78","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00149-1","article-title":"Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin","volume":"3","author":"Monis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00936463","article-title":"Host specificity ofGiardia muris isolates from mouse and golden hamster","volume":"78","author":"Schoeneberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2307\/3284485","article-title":"The sequence of Giardia small subunit rRNA shows that voles and muskrats are parasitized by a unique species Giardia microti","volume":"84","author":"Feely","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2802-z","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of Giardia species in wild rodents in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Helmy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"100431","article-title":"Companion animals as a potential source of Giardia intestinalis infection in humans in the Czech Republic\u2014A pilot study","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1141359","article-title":"Small rodents as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in south-western Poland","volume":"22","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00090-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00090-18","article-title":"Beaver Fever: Whole-Genome Characterization of Waterborne Outbreak and Sporadic Isolates to Study the Zoonotic Transmission of Giardiasis","volume":"3","author":"Tsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1638\/06-013.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. in Beavers (CASTOR CANADENSIS) in Massachusetts","volume":"37","author":"Fayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.1.31-36.1990","article-title":"Prevalence of Giardia spp. in beaver and muskrat populations in northeastern states and Minnesota: Detection of intestinal trophozoites at necropsy provides greater sensitivity than detection of cysts in fecal samples","volume":"56","author":"Erlandsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2652-8","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in farmed long-tailed chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera (Rodentia) from Romania","volume":"11","author":"Gherman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.027","article-title":"Mixed Giardia duodenalis assemblage A, B, C and E infections in pet chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) in Flanders (Belgium)","volume":"177","author":"Levecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet.-Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klotz, C., Radam, E., Rausch, S., Gosten-Heinrich, P., and Aebischer, T. (2021). Real-Time PCR for Molecular Detection of Zoonotic and Non-Zoonotic Giardia spp. in Wild Rodents. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081610"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101812","article-title":"Occurrence, genetic characterization, and zoonotic importance of Giardia duodenalis in various species of rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus)","volume":"85","author":"Asghari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102207","article-title":"Giardia microti in pet Microtus guentheri: Evidence of a parasite never detected in Italy","volume":"80","author":"Sagrafoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201300139X","article-title":"Identification of a novel assemblage G subgenotype and a zoonotic assemblage B in rodent isolates of Giardia duodenalis in the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"141","author":"Feliu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001929","article-title":"Genotyping and subtyping of Giardia and Cryptosporidium isolates from commensal rodents in China","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.007","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia\u2014A 50 year perspective (1971\u20132021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.023","article-title":"Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species","volume":"184","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00019","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Gerace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-021-00159-7","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: Host-Parasite Interactions and Pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, U., Zahedi, A., Feng, Y., and Xiao, L. (2021). An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2017.09.002","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis","volume":"8\u20139","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.04.013","article-title":"Rodents as a reservoir of infection caused by multiple zoonotic species\/genotypes of C. parvum, C. hominis, C. suis, C. scrofarum, and the first evidence of C. muskrat genotypes I and II of rodents in Europe","volume":"172","author":"Stanko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.6.737","article-title":"Detection and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from Wild Rodents and Insectivores in South Korea","volume":"53","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2926","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14643","article-title":"Wild micromammal host spectrum of zoonotic eukaryotic parasites in Spain. Occurrence and genetic characterisation","volume":"69","author":"Vioque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100364","article-title":"Public health and ecological significance of rodents in Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105119","article-title":"Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"182","author":"Taghipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet.-Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2010.48.1.43","article-title":"Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Drinking Water Samples in the North of Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"732","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes and subtypes in raw and treated water in Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Lobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.030","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at river beaches in Southern Europe (Portugal)","volume":"10","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2006.00163.x","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Isolates from Humans in Northern Portugal","volume":"53","author":"Almeida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-22","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia duodenalis infection among children: A case study in Portugal","volume":"5","author":"Vilares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/conservation2010005","article-title":"Landscape Characteristics Affecting Small Mammal Occurrence in Heterogeneous Olive Grove Agro-Ecosystems","volume":"2","author":"Pita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Conservation"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas (ICNF) (2021, September 01). Parque Natural de Montesinho. Available online: http:\/\/www2.icnf.pt\/portal\/ap\/p-nat\/pnm."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"16","article-title":"Scaling of Natal Dispersal Distances in Terrestrial Birds and Mammals","volume":"4","author":"Sutherland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-8508(03)00057-4","article-title":"Real-time PCR for the detection of Giardia lamblia","volume":"17","author":"Verweij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.013","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Infections in the Genomic Era","volume":"37","author":"Capewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.001","article-title":"Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP","volume":"4","author":"Read","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.022","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity at the \u03b2-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardiaduodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes","volume":"35","author":"Lalle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00855.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV-infected patients in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Tiangtip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v4: Recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team (2022). QGIS Geographic Information System, QGIS Association."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.003","article-title":"From mouse to moose: Multilocus genotyping of Giardia isolates from various animal species","volume":"168","author":"Lebbad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate Isomerase Gene Characterization and Potential Zoonotic Transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002609","article-title":"Occurrence of pathogens in wild rodents caught on Swedish pig and chicken farms","volume":"141","author":"Backhans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999179X","article-title":"Identification of Giardia species and Giardia duodenalis assemblages by sequence analysis of the 5.8S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacers","volume":"137","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2019.07.002","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective","volume":"106","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.09.034","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis in humans and animals\u2014Transmission and disease","volume":"135","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e1051","article-title":"Diarrhoea-causing enteric protist species in intensively and extensively raised pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Part I: Prevalence and genetic diversity","volume":"69","author":"Dashti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.09.028","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003071","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Giardia duodenalis sequence data","volume":"134","author":"Wielinga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.12.007","article-title":"Occurrence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis species\/genotypes in urban rodents","volume":"69","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.08.034","article-title":"The molecular characterisation of Giardia from dogs in southern Germany","volume":"150","author":"Leonhard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet.-Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58002-8","article-title":"Variation in Giardia: Implications for Taxonomy and Epidemiology","volume":"58","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3263868","article-title":"Protozoan Parasites of Rodents and Their Zoonotic Significance in Boyer-Ahmad District, Southwestern Iran","volume":"2016","author":"Seifollahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004952","article-title":"Between-year variation and spatial dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. infections in naturally infected rodent populations","volume":"135","author":"Bajer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pita, R., Mira, A., and Beja, P. (2013). Influence of Land Mosaic Composition and Structure on Patchy Populations: The Case of the Water Vole (Arvicola sapidus) in Mediterranean Farmland. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069976"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Bencatel, J., Sabino-Marques, H., \u00c1lvares, F., Moura, A.E., and Barbosa, A.M. (2019). Atlas de Mam\u00edferos de Portugal, Universidade de \u00c9vora. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2019.02.005","article-title":"Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Apodemus spp. in Europe","volume":"69","author":"Sak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Protistol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002001865","article-title":"Prevalence and abundance of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp. in wild rural rodents from the Mazury Lake District region of Poland","volume":"125","author":"Bajer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001142","article-title":"Diversity ofCryptosporidiumin common voles and description ofCryptosporidium alticolissp. n. andCryptosporidium microtisp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae)","volume":"146","author":"Sak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06502-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and sibling voles (Microtus levis) in Spitsbergen, Svalbard","volume":"118","author":"Fuglei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001524","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infecting wild cricetid rodents from the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Neotominae","volume":"145","author":"Stenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04330-9","article-title":"Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents from the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"13","author":"Foronda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"84","article-title":"Cryptosporidium rattin. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Czech Republic","volume":"148","author":"Prediger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ster, P., Dashti, A., Bailo, B., Muadica, A., Maloney, J., Sant\u00edn, M., Chicharro, C., Miguel\u00e1\u00f1ez, S., Nieto, F., and Cano-Terriza, D. (2021). Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Protist Parasites in Captive Non-Human Primates, Zookeepers, and Free-Living Sympatric Rats in the C\u00f3rdoba Zoo Conservation Centre, Southern Spain. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030700"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106244","article-title":"A review of the diversity of Cryptosporidium in Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus: What we know and challenges for the future","volume":"226","author":"Hancke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931279","article-title":"Infectivity ofCryptosporidium muris (strain RN 66) in various laboratory animals","volume":"75","author":"Iseki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.03.016","article-title":"Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium muris originated from wild West-European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and East-European house mice (Mus musculus musculus) are non-infectious for pigs","volume":"131","author":"Ortega","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.4.1578-1583.1999","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Cryptosporidium Parasites Based on the Small-Subunit rRNA Gene Locus","volume":"65","author":"Xiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01329-10","article-title":"Development of a Multilocus Sequence Tool for Typing Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium andersoni","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.70","article-title":"Short report: Possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans","volume":"62","author":"Katsumata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010256","article-title":"Cryptosporidium muris Infection in an HIV-Infected Adult, Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Gatei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.030047","article-title":"Cryptosporidium muris, a Rodent Pathogen, Recovered from a Human in Per\u00fa","volume":"9","author":"Palmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.632-634.2006","article-title":"Multilocus Genotyping of Cryptosporidium sp. Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in South India","volume":"44","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3472-3480.2001","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Isolates Obtained from Humans in France","volume":"39","author":"Guyot","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0525","article-title":"Cryptosporidium muris: Infectivity and Illness in Healthy Adult Volunteers","volume":"92","author":"Chappell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.014","article-title":"Cryptosporidium erinacei n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in hedgehogs","volume":"201","author":"McEvoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001085","article-title":"Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: Current understanding and research needs","volume":"141","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/3\/515\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:21:18Z","timestamp":1760120478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/3\/515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13030515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13030515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}