{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:33:53Z","timestamp":1773902033515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/150834\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150834\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precision livestock farming (PLF) research is rapidly increasing and has improved farmers\u2019 quality of life, animal welfare, and production efficiency. PLF research in dairy calves is still relatively recent but has grown in the last few years. Automatic milk feeding systems (AMFS) and 3D accelerometers have been the most extensively used technologies in dairy calves. However, other technologies have been emerging in dairy calves\u2019 research, such as infrared thermography (IRT), 3D cameras, ruminal bolus, and sound analysis systems, which have not been properly validated and reviewed in the scientific literature. Thus, with this review, we aimed to analyse the state-of-the-art of technological applications in calves, focusing on dairy calves. Most of the research is focused on technology to detect and predict calves\u2019 health problems and monitor pain indicators. Feeding and lying behaviours have sometimes been associated with health and welfare levels. However, a consensus opinion is still unclear since other factors, such as milk allowance, can affect these behaviours differently. Research that employed a multi-technology approach showed better results than research focusing on only a single technique. Integrating and automating different technologies with machine learning algorithms can offer more scientific knowledge and potentially help the farmers improve calves\u2019 health, performance, and welfare, if commercial applications are available, which, from the authors\u2019 knowledge, are not at the moment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1679639647000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Literature Review on Technological Applications to Monitor and Evaluate Calves\u2019 Health and Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de \u00c9vora P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado, 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de \u00c9vora P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado, 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de \u00c9vora P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado, 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim L.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7045-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severiano R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pickett, H. (2014). Farm Animal Welfare: Past, Present and Future, The Food Ethics Council."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, F.P., and Lev, B. (2023). Sustainability: Cases and Studies in Using Operations Research and Management Science Methods, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16620-4"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ponnampalam, E.N., and Holman, B.W.B. (2022). 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