{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:26:06Z","timestamp":1771035966330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/153071\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153071\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From previous studies, the International Society for Equitation Science has advised that further research be conducted on the physiological\/psychological effects of less-exacerbated poll flexion angles. We aimed to evaluate the effects of two riding poll flexion positions with a difference of only 15\u00b0 on the respiratory systems and behaviour of horses through an evaluation of dynamic airway collapse via over-ground endoscopy, the pharyngeal diameter, pleural pressure, arterial oxygenation and lactate, HR\/RR, and the occurrence of conflict behaviours. Twenty high-level dressage and twenty show-jumping horses underwent a 40 min ridden test at a ground angle of 85\u00b0; 3 weeks later, they underwent a ridden test at a 100\u00b0 ground angle (the angle between the ground and the line from the forehead to the muzzle) and in a cross-over design. Using a mixed model for repeated measures, Wilcoxon\/Friedman tests were carried out according to the experimental design and\/or error normality. For both groups, at 100\u00b0, conflict behaviours and upper airway tract abnormalities were significantly more frequent, and the pleural pressure was higher, and the pharyngeal diameter was lower. At 85\u00b0, relaxation behaviours were significantly more frequent. Lactate was significantly higher at 100\u00b0 only in the dressage horses. Compared to the first test at 85\u00b0, the HR\/RR were significantly lower at the beginning of the second test (at 100\u00b0) but higher at the end. The significant differences identified in these dressage and show-jumping horses support the idea that an increase of just 15\u00b0 in riding poll flexion can have negative effects on the respiratory system and behaviour of a horse and therefore on its welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T01:36:48Z","timestamp":1684805808000},"page":"1714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of a 15\u00b0 Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Tilley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Equine Clinical Academic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Sales Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellor, D., and Beausoleil, N. (2017). Equine welfare during exercise: An evaluation of breathing, breathlessness and bridles. Animals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7060041"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac035","article-title":"Equine exercise physiology\u2014Challenges to the respiratory system","volume":"12","author":"Mazan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. 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