{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:17:16Z","timestamp":1775841436886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothermia is one of the principal causes of perinatal mortality in water buffaloes and can range from 3% to 17.9%. In ruminants, factors affecting hypothermia in newborns may be of intrinsic (e.g., level of neurodevelopment, birth weight, vitality score, amount of brown fat, skin features) or extrinsic origin (e.g., maternal care, environmental conditions, colostrum consumption). When newborn buffaloes are exposed to cold stress, thermoregulatory mechanisms such as peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis are activated to prevent hypothermia. Due to the properties of infrared thermography (IRT), as a technique that detects vasomotor changes triggered by a reduction in body temperature, evaluating the central and peripheral regions in newborn buffaloes is possible. This review aims to analyze behavioral, physiological, and morphological strategies and colostrum consumption as thermal compensation mechanisms in newborn water buffalo to cope with environmental changes affecting thermoneutrality. In addition, the importance of monitoring by IRT to identify hypothermia states will be highlighted. Going deeper into these topics related to the water buffalo is essential because, in recent years, this species has become more popular and is being bred in more geographic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1688141312000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermal Compensation in Newborn Water Buffaloes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9824-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada","family":"Braghieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Carolina","family":"Ceriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S\/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela Anah\u00ed","family":"Lendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S\/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Lezama-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1627-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Sabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Pacelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.30704\/http-www-jivs-net.409147","article-title":"Hypothermia in newborn calves","volume":"2","author":"Kozat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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