{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:37:42Z","timestamp":1774316262812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transport is a stressor that can cause physiological and metabolic imbalances in livestock, resulting in stress-induced hyperthermia. In water buffaloes, studies regarding the thermal state of animals during mobilization are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermal response of 1516 water buffaloes using infrared thermography (IRT) during 15 short trips (783 animals, 60,291 records, average duration = 50.33 min \u00b1 5.48 min) and 14 long trips (733 animals, 56,441 records, average duration = 13.31 h \u00b1 47.32 min). The surface temperature was assessed in 11 regions (periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, lower eyelid, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic) during seven phases from pasture to post-transport. It was found that the surface temperature of the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, nasal, auricular, frontal-parietal, pelvic limb, torso, abdominal, lumbar, and thoracic regions was significantly higher during SJs (+3 \u00b0C) when compared to LJs (p &lt; 0.0001). In particular, the frontal-parietal region had a significant increase of 10 \u00b0C during the post-transport phase (p &lt; 0.0001) in both groups, recording the highest temperatures during this phase. Likewise, a strong positive significant correlation between the different regions was found (r = 0.90, p &lt; 0.0001). It is worth mentioning that the herding, loading, pre-, and post-transport phases were the ones where the greatest thermal response was recorded, possibly due to the influence of human interaction. Finally, a strong positive correlation (r above 0.9, p &gt; 0.001) between the periocular, lacrimal caruncle, pinna, and pelvic limb was found. According to the results, SJ could be considered a stressful event that hinders thermal generation, contrarily to LJ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T07:22:32Z","timestamp":1697786552000},"page":"3274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thermal Balance in Male Water Buffaloes Transported by Long and Short Journeys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master in Science Program [Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias Agropecuarias], Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Guerrero Legarreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology: Food Science, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa Campus (UAM-I), Mexico City 09340, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Chay-Canul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0608-2863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"Reyes-Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture (DPAA), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"541","article-title":"Thermophysiological, haematological, biochemical and behavioural stress responses of sheep transported on road","volume":"101","author":"Lama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.10.314","article-title":"Behaviour of indian river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during short- ultrasonographic findings of urinary retention caused by a vaginal stricture following dystocia in a ewe","volume":"148","author":"Chandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.03.002","article-title":"Effect of 12-hour road transportation on physiological, immunological and haematological parameters in bulls housed at different space allowances","volume":"173","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16177","article-title":"Pre-slaughtering factors related to bruises on cattle carcasses","volume":"58","author":"Vaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2019.08.03.17","article-title":"River buffalo meat production and quality: Sustainability, productivity, nutritional and sensory properties","volume":"9","author":"Napolitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e07442","article-title":"Welfare of cattle during transport","volume":"20","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of infrared thermography to detect sick animals: Frequent and current cases","volume":"17","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"CABI Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idris, M., Uddin, J., Sullivan, M., McNeill, D.M., and Phillips, C.J.C. (2021). Non-invasive physiological indicators of heat stress in cattle. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010071"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184577","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1184577","article-title":"Assessment of thermal changes in water buffalo mobilized from the paddock and transported by short journeys","volume":"10","author":"Napolitano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"170","article-title":"Scientific findings on the quality of river buffalo meat and prospects for future studies","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.03.001","article-title":"Effects of transport distance, lairage time and stunning efficiency on cortisol, glucose, hspa1a and how they relate with meat quality in cattle","volume":"117","author":"Chulayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2007.375","article-title":"Effect of lairage duration on some blood constituents and beef quality in bulls after long journey","volume":"6","author":"Liotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c3301","article-title":"Skin injuries identified in cattle and water buffaloes at livestock markets in Bangladesh","volume":"167","author":"Alam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600001688","article-title":"Frequency of nose and tail injuries in cattle and water buffalo at livestock markets in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Alam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Braghieri, A., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., Bertoni, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Cruz-Monterrosa, R., G\u00f3mez, J., Ram\u00edrez-Bribiesca, E., and Barrios-Garc\u00eda, H. (2021). Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: Neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol., 9.","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.21003"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, J.K., Mastromonaco, G., and Burness, G. (2020). Evidence that stress-induced changes in surface temperature serve a thermoregulatory function. J. Exp. Biol., 223.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.213421"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Titto, C.G., de Mira Geraldo, A., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., G\u00f3mez, J., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos, I., Casas, A., Dom\u00ednguez, A., Jos\u00e9, N., and Bertoni, A. (2021). Efficacy and function of feathers, hair, and glabrous skin in the thermoregulation strategies of domestic animals. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123472"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of long distance transportation stress on cattle: A review","volume":"3","author":"Damtew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, January 05). INEGI Clima Veracruz de Ignacio de La Llave. Available online: https:\/\/cuentame.inegi.org.mx\/monografias\/informacion\/ver\/territorio\/clima.aspx?tema=me&e=30."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"SEGOB Norma Oficial Mexicana (2004). Se\u00f1alamiento Horizontal y Vertical de Carreteras y Vialidades Urbanas, Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. PROY-NOM-034-SCT2-2003."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n del efecto de diferentes dosis de la fertilizaci\u00f3n org\u00e1nica en la calidad nutricional del pasto camelote (Paspalum fasciculatum willd)","volume":"1","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tlatemoani Rev. Acad\u00e9mica Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"DOF (1995). Trato Humanitario en la Movilizaci\u00f3n de Animales, Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. NOM-051-ZOO-1995."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860002769X","article-title":"Effect of driver and driving style on the stress responses of pigs during a short journey by trailer","volume":"17","author":"Peeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzo, G., Barrasso, R., Marchetti, P., Roma, R., Samoilis, G., Tantillo, G., and Ceci, E. (2018). Analysis of stress indicators for evaluation of animal welfare and meat quality in traditional and jewish slaughtering. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8040043"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8461567x","article-title":"Variations in meat pH of beef bulls in relation to conditions of transfer to slaughter and previous history of the animals","volume":"84","author":"Mounier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.445","article-title":"Effect of acute heat stress on adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, interleukin-2, interleukin-12 and apoptosis gene expression in rats","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebez, E.B., Sejian, V., Silpa, M.V., and Dunshea, F.R. (2023). Heat stress and histopathological changes of vital organs: A novel approach to assess climate resilience in farm animals. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021242"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64074-1.00035-5","article-title":"Stress-Induced Hyperthermia and Hypothermia","volume":"Volume 157","author":"Oka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivier, B., van Bogaert, M., van Oorschot, R., Oosting, R., and Groenink, L. (2005). Stress-Induced Hyperthermia, Elsevier B.V.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-0709(05)80053-7"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1258\/000456304322664663","article-title":"Measurement of catecholamines and their metabolites","volume":"41","author":"Peaston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12662","article-title":"Coat and hair color: Hair cortisol and serotonin levels in lactating holstein cows under heat stress conditions","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.03.015","article-title":"Comparative assessment of heat stress induced changes in carcass traits, plasma leptin profile and skeletal muscle myostatin and HSP70 gene expression patterns between indigenous osmanabadi and salem black goat breeds","volume":"141","author":"Archana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1963","article-title":"Effect of handling intensity at the time of transport for slaughter on physiological response and carcass characteristics in beef cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride","volume":"95","author":"Hagenmaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13141","article-title":"The effects of pre-slaughter stress and season on the activity of plasma creatine kinase and mutton quality from different sheep breeds slaughtered at a smallholder abattoir","volume":"26","author":"Chulayo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2022.105073","article-title":"Preslaughter stress and beef quality in relation to slaughter transport of cattle","volume":"264","author":"Hultgren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.01.020","article-title":"Relationships between temperament and transportation with rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls","volume":"129","author":"Burdick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.12.361","article-title":"Effects of journey and lairage time on steers transported to slaughter in Chile","volume":"152","author":"Gallo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"517","article-title":"Implications, trends, and prospects for long-distance transport in cattle. Review","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, M.C., F\u00e9lix, L., Cardoso, R., Monteiro, S.M., Silva, S., and Ven\u00e2ncio, C. (2023). Non-invasive biomarkers in saliva and eye infrared thermography to assess the stress response of calves during transport. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142311"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E260","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2001.79E-SupplE260x","article-title":"The biology of stress and its application to livestock housing and transportation assessment","volume":"79","author":"Borell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600027895","article-title":"Infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for detecting fear-related responses of cattle to handling procedures","volume":"17","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1578","article-title":"Effects of local anesthetic and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug on pain responses of dairy calves to hot-iron dehorning","volume":"92","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3114","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of autonomic activity for evaluation of pain in calves, using surgical castration as a model","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"329","article-title":"Applications of infrared thermography in animal production","volume":"22","author":"Knizkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anadolu Tar\u0131m Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas89-056","article-title":"Infrared thermography of pigs with known genotypes for stress susceptibility in relation to pork quality","volume":"69","author":"Schaefer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105011","article-title":"Validity aspects of behavioural measures to assess cows\u2019 responsiveness towards humans","volume":"228","author":"Schmitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20026","article-title":"Effects of human-animal relationship on animal productivity and welfare","volume":"8","author":"Broom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00280-0","article-title":"Human\u2013animal interactions in livestock production","volume":"81","author":"Hemsworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lees, A.M., Sejian, V., Wallage, A.L., Steel, C.C., Mader, T.L., Lees, J.C., and Gaughan, J.B. (2019). The impact of heat load on cattle. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060322"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"55","article-title":"How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions","volume":"21","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2984","article-title":"Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1070944","article-title":"Neural circuit for psychological stress-induced hyperthermia","volume":"2","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5040409","article-title":"How farm animals react and perceive stressful situations such as handling, restraint, and transport","volume":"5","author":"Grandin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, G., Sutherland, M., Waas, J., Schaefer, A., Cox, N., and Stewart, M. (2019). Infrared thermography\u2014A non-invasive method of measuring respiration rate in calves. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080535"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12055","article-title":"The Use of Infrared Thermography and accelerometers for remote monitoring of dairy cow health and welfare","volume":"100","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.1.66","article-title":"Special report of finished feedlot cattle following transportation","volume":"247","author":"Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.02.022","article-title":"Infrared thermography: A non-invasive window into thermal physiology","volume":"202","author":"Tattersall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Pereira, A.M.F., Wang, D., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Ghezzi, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Avalos, I., Lendez, P., Mora-Medina, P., Casas, A., and Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez, A. (2021). Clinical applications and factors involved in validating thermal windows used in infrared thermography in cattle and river buffalo to assess health and productivity. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082247"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.06.001","article-title":"Nasal skin temperature reveals changes in arousal levels due to time on task: An experimental thermal infrared imaging study","volume":"81","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-018-0436-z","article-title":"Estimating autonomic nerve activity using variance of thermal face images","volume":"23","author":"Matsuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2023, February 02). International Committee Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature Nomina Anat\u00f3mica Veterinaria. 2017, 160. Available online: https:\/\/www.wava-amav.org\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"793","article-title":"Thermoregulatory mechanisms of jersey adult cattle and calves based on different body sites temperature","volume":"5","author":"Badakhshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.1999.11682515","article-title":"Differences in the thermal conductance of tropical and temperate bovid horns","volume":"6","author":"Picard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecoscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2006)34[570:MOTAWB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mechanisms of thermoregulation and water balance in desert ungulates","volume":"34","author":"Cain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algra, M., de Keijzer, L., Arndt, S.S., van Eerdenburg, F.J.C.M., and Goerlich, V.C. (2023). Evaluation of the thermal response of the horns in dairy cattle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030500"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2014.03.02.6","article-title":"Physiological changes and blood flow in murrah buffaloes during summer and winter season","volume":"3","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Pereira, A.M.F., Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva, A., Mora-Medina, P., Casas-Alvarado, A., Rios-Sandoval, J., de Mira Geraldo, A., and Wang, D. (2022). Thermal imaging to assess the health status in wildlife animals under human care: Limitations and perspectives. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243558"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084092","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1084092","article-title":"The effect of birth weight and time of day on the thermal response of newborn water buffalo calves","volume":"10","author":"Napolitano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Klein, B.G. (2020). Cunningham Fisiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00180","article-title":"de B. Infrared thermography to assess thermoregulatory reactions of female buffaloes in a humid tropical environment","volume":"7","author":"Brcko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.108025","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A review","volume":"162","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0094-2","article-title":"Infrared skin temperature measurements for monitoring health in pigs: A review","volume":"57","author":"Soerensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arduini, A., Redaelli, V., Luzi, F., Dall\u2019Olio, S., Pace, V., and Nanni Costa, L. (2017). Relationship between deck level, body surface temperature and carcass damages in italian heavy pigs after short journeys at different unloading environmental conditions. Animals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7020010"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnovale, F., Xiao, J., Shi, B., Kaart, T., Arney, D., and Phillips, C.J.C. (2021). The effects of vehicle type, transport duration and pre-transport feeding on the welfare of sheep transported in low temperatures. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061659"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3274\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:08Z","timestamp":1760130608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/20\/3274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13203274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13203274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]}}}