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They are very active swimmers of a reasonable size, easy to spot and record. Such characteristics make it a promising candidate as an experimental model in ecotoxicology to evaluate the effects of aquatic pollutants, particularly using its locomotor behavior as an endpoint. To evaluate the sensitivity of T. longicaudatus and develop endpoints of interest, we conducted exposure experiments with lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of potassium dichromate, a compound known for its ecotoxicological importance and as a hexavalent chromium source. The endpoints evaluated were mortality, growth, sexual maturation, reproductive output, cholinesterase activity and locomotor\/swimming behavior. The 96 h median lethal concentration was found to be 65 \u00b5g\/L. Furthermore, exposure to potassium dichromate at higher concentrations had a significant negative impact on the growth rate of T. longicaudatus in terms of both body mass and length. The time for maturation was also delayed at higher concentrations. In addition, locomotor behavior allowed for the discrimination of all tested chromium concentrations and the control group and from each other, proving to be the most sensitive endpoint. Overall, the data support the potential of T. longicaudatus as a model for ecotoxicity testing, using apical endpoints with impact at the population level; in particular, results suggest that behavior assessments in this species might be useful for detecting hazardous compounds in environmental monitoring of freshwater ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:17:40Z","timestamp":1705983460000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ecotoxicological Effects of Potassium Dichromate on the Tadpole Shrimp Triops longicaudatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Carido","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lia","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Paulo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00025998","article-title":"Sex ratio variation in female-biased populations of Notostracans","volume":"212","author":"Sassaman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.12.104","article-title":"Pioneer life of the tadpole shrimps, Triops spp. (Notostraca:Triopsidae)","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. 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