{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:10:47Z","timestamp":1774044647725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":285,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00211\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/202"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["MC-04\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-04\/17"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["MC-18-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-18-2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2021.05265.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05265.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Olfabionerve\u2014Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00211\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Olfabionerve\u2014Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Olfabionerve\u2014Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC-04\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-04\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Olfabionerve\u2014Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC-18-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-18-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Olfabionerve\u2014Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.05265.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05265.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pr\u00e9mios Santa Casa Neuroci\u00eancias\u2014Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research","award":["UIDB\/00211\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/202"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00e9mios Santa Casa Neuroci\u00eancias\u2014Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00e9mios Santa Casa Neuroci\u00eancias\u2014Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research","award":["MC-04\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-04\/17"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00e9mios Santa Casa Neuroci\u00eancias\u2014Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research","award":["MC-18-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-18-2021"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00e9mios Santa Casa Neuroci\u00eancias\u2014Prize Melo e Castro for Spinal Cord Injury Research","award":["2021.05265.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05265.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00211\/202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/202"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.04501.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04501.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["MC-04\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-04\/17"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["MC-18-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-18-2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.05265.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05265.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic nerve injuries are common lesions that affect several hundred thousand humans, as well as dogs and cats. The assessment of nerve regeneration through animal models may provide information for translational research and future therapeutic options that can be applied mutually in veterinary and human medicine, from a One Health perspective. This review offers a hands-on vision of the non-invasive and conservative approaches to peripheral nerve injury, focusing on the role of neurorehabilitation in nerve repair and regeneration. The peripheral nerve injury may lead to hypersensitivity, allodynia and hyperalgesia, with the possibility of joint contractures, decreasing functionality and impairing the quality of life. The question remains regarding how to improve nerve repair with surgical possibilities, but also considering electrical stimulation modalities by modulating sensory feedback, upregulation of BDNF, GFNF, TrKB and adenosine monophosphate, maintaining muscle mass and modulating fatigue. This could be improved by the positive synergetic effect of exercises and physical activity with locomotor training, and other physical modalities (low-level laser therapy, ultrasounds, pulsed electromagnetic fields, electroacupuncture and others). In addition, the use of cell-based therapies is an innovative treatment tool in this field. These strategies may help avoid situations of permanent monoplegic limbs that could lead to amputation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:23:11Z","timestamp":1710336191000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early Intensive Neurorehabilitation in Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Injury\u2014State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arr\u00e1bida Veterinary Hospital\u2014Arr\u00e1bida Animal Rehabilitation Center, 2925-538 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1950-396 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arr\u00e1bida Veterinary Hospital\u2014Arr\u00e1bida Animal Rehabilitation Center, 2925-538 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1950-396 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arr\u00e1bida Veterinary Hospital\u2014Arr\u00e1bida Animal Rehabilitation Center, 2925-538 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arr\u00e1bida Veterinary Hospital\u2014Arr\u00e1bida Animal Rehabilitation Center, 2925-538 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1950-396 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar\u2014Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8635-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar\u2014Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Alvites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio (CESPU), Avenida Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Severo","family":"Varej\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Colette","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas Veterin\u00e1rias, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar\u2014Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2521-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arr\u00e1bida Veterinary Hospital\u2014Arr\u00e1bida Animal Rehabilitation Center, 2925-538 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Campo Grande, 1950-396 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S11883","article-title":"Types of neural guides and using nanotechnology for peripheral nerve reconstruction","volume":"5","author":"Biazar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavorato, A., Raimondo, S., Boido, M., Muratori, L., Durante, G., Cofano, F., Vincitorio, F., Petrone, S., Titolo, P., and Tartara, F. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell treatment perspectives in peripheral nerve regeneration: Systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020572"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X676934","article-title":"The Regeneration Potential after Human and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury Model can be Monitored by MRI","volume":"24","author":"Tremp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthes, S.M., Reimers, K., Janssen, I., Liebsch, C., Kocsis, J.D., Vogt, P.M., and Radtke, C. (2013). Intravenous Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Enhance Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/573169"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.01.052","article-title":"Novel approaches using mesenchymal stem cells for curing peripheral nerve injuries","volume":"221","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.03.015","article-title":"Evaluation of nerve growth factor (NGF) treated mesenchymal stem cells for recovery in neurotmesis model of peripheral nerve injury","volume":"46","author":"Moattari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menchetti, M., Gandini, G., Bravaccini, B., Dondi, M., Gagliardo, T., and Bianchi, E. (2020). Clinical and electrodiagnostic findings and quality of life of dogs and cats with brachial plexus injury. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030101"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, B., Sousa, P., Alvites, R., Branquinho, M., Sousa, A.C., Mendonc\u0327a, C., Atayde, L.M., Lu\u00eds, A.L., Varej\u00e3o, A.S.P., and Maur\u00edcio, A.C. (2022). Peripheral Nerve Injury Treatments and Advances: One Health Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020918"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribitsch, I., Baptista, P.M., Lange-Consiglio, A., Melotti, L., Patruno, M., Jenner, F., Schnabl-Feichter, E., Dutton, L.C., Connolly, D.J., and van Steenbeek, F.G. (2020). Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00972"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08281","article-title":"The role of exercise on peripheral nerve regeneration: From animal model to clinical application","volume":"7","author":"Maugeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-023-00559-4","article-title":"Regenerative strategies in treatment of peripheral nerve injuries in different animal models","volume":"20","author":"Khaled","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v7.i1.51","article-title":"Current progress in use of adipose derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"6447","article-title":"Immuno-hematological response to radial nerve injury and human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (Huc-MSCS) therapy in dogs","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"IRAQ Biochem. Cell Arch."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/66.4.237","article-title":"Three types of nerve injury","volume":"66","author":"Seddon","year":"1943","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24538","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury and myelination: Potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"98","author":"Modrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.018","article-title":"Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury","volume":"119","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.PEDS14112","article-title":"Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries in children: Epidemiology and socioeconomics","volume":"14","author":"Missios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr005","article-title":"Non-surgical therapies for peripheral nerve injury","volume":"100","author":"Delgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"101117","article-title":"Application of electrical stimulation for peripheral nerve regeneration: Stimulation parameters and future horizons","volume":"24","author":"Javeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Neurosurg. Adv. Tech. Case Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.12.001","article-title":"Introduction to special issue: Challenges and opportunities for regeneration in the peripheral nervous system","volume":"223","author":"Hoke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(80)90006-0","article-title":"Effects of aging on nerve sprouting and regeneration","volume":"70","author":"Pestronk","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinsell, D., and Keating, C.P. (2014). Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: A review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698256"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196404000-00002","article-title":"Microsurgery of peripheral nerves","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"1964","journal-title":"Plast. Rec. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2013.04.002","article-title":"Peripheral nerve trauma: Mechanisms of injury and recovery","volume":"29","author":"Menorca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.35653","article-title":"Current status of therapeutic approaches against peripheral nerve injuries: A detailed story from injury to recovery","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. J. Bio. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175293","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4175293","article-title":"The role of current techniques and concepts in peripheral nerve repair","volume":"2016","author":"Houschyar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plastic Surg. Intern."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199807000-00025","article-title":"Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries","volume":"45","author":"Noble","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130903","article-title":"The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury","volume":"13","author":"Sunderland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, R., de Boer, K.S., and Malessy, M.J. (2012). Outcome following nerve repair of high isolated clean sharp injuries of the ulnar nerve. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047928"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Jones, S., and Jia, X. (2017). Stem cell transplantation for peripheral nerve regeneration: Current options and opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010094"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.5.2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: A brief review","volume":"16","author":"Burnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaramonte, R., Pavone, V., Testa, G., Pesce, I., Scaturro, D., Musumeci, G., Mauro, G., and Vecchio, M. (2023). The role of physical exercise and rehabilitative implication in the process of nerve repair in peripheral neuropathies: A systematic review. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030364"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00775.2003","article-title":"Neuromuscular rehabilitation by treadmill running or electrical stimulation after peripheral nerve injury and repair","volume":"96","author":"Marqueste","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.05.034","article-title":"Electrical stimulation combined with exercise increase axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"219","author":"Udina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C.-F., Yang, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-H., Yao, C.-H., Way, T.-D., and Chen, Y.-S. (2017). Effects of swimming exercise on nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve transection model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 7.","DOI":"10.1051\/bmdcn\/2017070103"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00946.2012","article-title":"Effects of treadmill training on functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury in rats","volume":"109","author":"Boeltz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80008-9","article-title":"The Effects of Postoperative Continuous Passive Motion on Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90013-7","article-title":"Exercise training improves functional recovery and motor nerve conduction velocity after sciatic nerve crush lesion in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Brakkee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Lu, L., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Liang, W., Wu, S., and Luo, Z. (2012). Electrical Stimulation to Conductive Scaffold Promotes Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination in a Rat Model of Large Nerve Defect. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039526"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kao, C.-H., Chen, J.-J.J., Hsu, Y.-M., Bau, D.-T., Yao, C.-H., and Chen, Y.-S. (2013). High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation Can Be a Complementary Therapy to Promote Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079078"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21912","article-title":"Passive and active exercise improve regeneration and muscle reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury in the rat","volume":"43","author":"Udina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Dewey, C.W., and da Costa, R.C. (2016). Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, Wiley Blackweel."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Lorenz, M.D., Coates, J., and Kent, M. (2011). Handbook of Veterinary Neurology, Elsevier Sauders."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.04.008","article-title":"Outcome measures of peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"193","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Anatomy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.61","article-title":"The relationship between nerve conduction velocity and fiber morphology during peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Ikeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.03.035","article-title":"Short- but not long-lasting treadmill running reduces allodynia and improves functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"168","author":"Cobianchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.008","article-title":"Assessment of sensory thresholds and nociceptive fiber growth after sciatic nerve injury reveals the differential contribution of collateral reinnervation and nerve regeneration to neuropathic pain","volume":"255","author":"Cobianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(86)90104-8","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve of rats after partial denervation of soleus muscle","volume":"67","author":"Herbison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(82)90027-9","article-title":"Direct electrical stimulation of rat soleus during denervation-reinnervation","volume":"75","author":"Jaweed","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0035-2","article-title":"Chronic electrostimulation after nerve repair by self-anastomosis: Effects on the size, the mechanical, histochemical and biochemical muscle properties","volume":"111","author":"Marqueste","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.2.732","article-title":"Influence of overload on recovery of rat plantaris from partial denervation","volume":"66","author":"Michel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90176-7","article-title":"The effect of muscle hyper- and hypoactivity upon fibre diameters of intact and regenerating nerves","volume":"20","author":"Eisen","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(73)90176-3","article-title":"Effect of overwork during reinnervation of rat muscle","volume":"41","author":"Herbison","year":"1973","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.37.11.1247","article-title":"Effect of swimming on reinnervation of rat skeletal muscle","volume":"37","author":"Herbison","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552008000400010","article-title":"Immediate versus later exercises for rat sciatic nerve regeneration after axonotmesis: Histomorphometric and functional analyses","volume":"12","author":"Sobral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783901","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/783901","article-title":"Swimming Exercise in the Acute or Late Phase after Sciatic Nerve Crush Accelerates Nerve Regeneration","volume":"2011","author":"Teodori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"237","article-title":"Manual stimulation, but not acute electrical stimulation prior to reconstructive surgery, improves functional recovery after facial nerve injury in rats","volume":"27","author":"Skouras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)87007-4","article-title":"Methods and protocols in peripheral nerve regeneration experimental research: Part IV\u2014Kinematic gait analysis to quantify peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat","volume":"87","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.05.020","article-title":"CatWalk gait analysis in assessment of functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury","volume":"173","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e2953","article-title":"Effect of systemic adipose-derived stem cell therapy on functional nerve regeneration in a rodent model","volume":"8","author":"Schweizer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PRS Global Open."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109663","article-title":"A swim test for functional assessment of rodent peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"379","author":"Targosinksi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Met."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25796","article-title":"Conditioning electrical stimulation accelerates regeneration in nerve transfers","volume":"88","author":"Senger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.12.013","article-title":"Electrical stimulation as a conditioning strategy for promoting and accelerating peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"302","author":"Senger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401443101","article-title":"Voluntary exercise increases axonal regeneration from sensory neurons","volume":"101","author":"Molteni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.01341.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation accelerates and increases expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA in regenerating rat femoral motoneurons","volume":"12","author":"Brushart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20339","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes peripheral axon regeneration by enhanced neuronal neurotrophin signaling","volume":"67","author":"English","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.08.014","article-title":"Ankle joint mobilization reduces axonotmesis-induced neuropathic pain and glial activation in the spinal cord and enhances nerve regeneration in rats","volume":"152","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03258-X","article-title":"Voluntary exercise increases neurotrophin-3 and its receptor TrkC in the spinal cord","volume":"987","author":"Ying","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0711","article-title":"ERK1\/2-Mediated Schwann Cell Proliferation in the Regenerating Sciatic Nerve by Treadmill Training","volume":"26","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00152.2002","article-title":"Voluntary Exercise Induces a BDNF-Mediated Mechanism That Promotes Neuroplasticity","volume":"88","author":"Ying","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.08.005","article-title":"One hour electrical stimulation accelerates functional recovery after femoral nerve repair","volume":"208","author":"Ahlborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16254","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical, and electrophysiological findings in dogs and cats with traumatic brachial plexus injury: A retrospectove study of 226 cases","volume":"35","author":"Troupel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05675.x","article-title":"Avulsion of the brachial plexus-2. Clinical aspects","volume":"15","author":"Griffiths","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belviso, I., Palermi, S., Sacco, A.M., Romano, V., Corrado, B., Zappia, M., and Sirico, F. (2020). Brachial plexus injuries in sport medicine: Clinical evaluation, diagnostic approaches, treatment options and rehabilitative interventions. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk5020022"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(01)00005-6","article-title":"Needle electromyography. Fundamentals, normal and abnormal patterns","volume":"20","author":"Preston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12012","article-title":"Correlative ultrasound anatomy of the feline brachial plexus and major nerves of the thoracic limb","volume":"54","author":"Anson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313625","article-title":"Denervation activity in the EMG of patients with upper motor neuron lesions: Time course, local distribution and pathogenetic aspects","volume":"230","author":"Benecke","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Thorne, C.H., Bartlett, S.P., Beasley, R.W., Aston, S.J., Gurtner, G.C., and Spear, S.L. (2006). Grabb and Smith\u2019s Plastic Surgery, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200006)23:6<863::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves","volume":"23","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, M.J., da Paz, M.G.D.S., Bina, M.T., Santos, S.N., Raicher, I., Galhardoni, R., Fernandes, D.T., Yeng, L.T., Baptista, A.F., and de Andrade, D.C. (2015). Neuropathic pain after brachial plexus avulsion-central and peripheral mechanisms. BMC Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0329-x"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00164.x","article-title":"A review of the epidemiology of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and less commonly studied neuropathic pain conditions","volume":"8","author":"Sadosky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1991","article-title":"Phantom limb pain: A case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?","volume":"7","author":"Flor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/375482a0","article-title":"Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation","volume":"375","author":"Flor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.09.010","article-title":"Approaching phantom complex after limb amputation in the canine species","volume":"22","author":"Menchetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0492-120","article-title":"Phantom limbs","volume":"266","author":"Melzack","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7583","article-title":"Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation","volume":"81","author":"Ehde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00340.x","article-title":"Phantom limb phenomena in cancer amputees","volume":"10","author":"Probstner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00208-5","article-title":"Toe out angle: A functional index for the evaluation of sciatic nerve recovery in the rat model","volume":"183","author":"Cabrita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2008.00379.x","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment of suspected neuropathic pain in three dogs","volume":"87","author":"Cashmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.01.018","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: Principles of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"90","author":"Gilron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00012","article-title":"Managing Neuropathic Pain in Dogs","volume":"3","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"441","article-title":"Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys","volume":"23","author":"Radulovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dipos."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.09.022","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs","volume":"187","author":"Kukanich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00486.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs","volume":"36","author":"Salazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-009-0520-4","article-title":"Experimental and clinical pharmacokinetics of amitryptiline: Comparative analysis","volume":"147","author":"Kukes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.04.007","article-title":"Outpatient oral analgesics in dogs and cats beyond nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An evidence-based approach","volume":"43","author":"Kukanich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12190","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral amantadine in greyhound dogs","volume":"38","author":"Norkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.01.020","article-title":"Navarro, Immediate electrical stimulation enhances regeneration and reinnervation and modulates spinal plastic changes after sciatic nerve injury and repair","volume":"211","author":"Vivo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/306686a0","article-title":"Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity","volume":"306","author":"Woolf","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: From mechanisms to treatment","volume":"101","author":"Finnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1661::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Ectopic impulse generation and autoex-citation in single myelinated afferent fibers in patients with peripheral neuropathy and positive sensory symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Campero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(84)90013-7","article-title":"Ectopic sensory discharges and pares-thesiae in patients with disorders of peripheral nerves, dorsal roots and dorsal columns","volume":"20","author":"Nordin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017737","article-title":"Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of C noci-ceptor fibres in human skin nerves","volume":"415","author":"Ochoa","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.201","article-title":"Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128022","article-title":"Schwann cells expressing nociceptivechannel TRPA1 orchestrate ethanol-evoked neuropathic pain in mice","volume":"129","author":"Landini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.008","article-title":"Sublime microglia: Expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS","volume":"158","author":"Salter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0124","article-title":"An Update on the Management of Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy\u2014Replacing Old Paradigms: A Review","volume":"172","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232107","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-232107","article-title":"Traumatic brachial plexus injury rehabilitation using neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation in a polytrauma patient","volume":"12","author":"Rich","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.1.0069","article-title":"Diagnosis of root avulsions in traumatic brachial plexus injuries: Value of computerized tomography myelography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"86","author":"Carvalho","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12313","article-title":"Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Management of Pain from Brachial Plexus Avulsion","volume":"15","author":"Ghaleb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.05.022","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of neuropathic pain in patients with total brachial plexus avulsion: A 30-case study","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.01.033","article-title":"A new rat model of neuropathic pain: Complete brachial plexus avulsion","volume":"589","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0208","article-title":"Cold allodynia is correlated to paroxysmal and evoked mechanical pain in complex regional pain Syndrome (CRPS)","volume":"22","author":"Lunden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70102-4","article-title":"Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: Clinical manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03886.1995","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: Prolonged denervation","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00174-0","article-title":"Methods to evaluate functional nerve recovery in adult rats: Walking track analysis, video analysis and the withdrawal reflex","volume":"96","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Met."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1066","article-title":"Biodegradable p (DLLA-e-CL) Nerve guides versus autologous nerve grafts: Electromyographic amd video analysis","volume":"24","author":"Meek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6132","article-title":"Range of motion physiotherapy reduces the force deficit in antagonists to denervated rat muscles","volume":"99","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Millis, D., and Levine, D. (2014). Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Elsevier Sauders."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138798","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1138798","article-title":"Potential novel therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrashekhar, R., Wang, H., Dionne, C., James, S., and and Burzycki, J. (2021). Wearable focal muscle vibration on pain, balance, mobility, and sensation in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052415"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28179","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028179","article-title":"Electroacupuncture for the treatment of frozen shoulder","volume":"100","author":"Heo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e051073","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051073","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for acute and chronic pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 381 studies (the meta-TENS study)","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597949","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.597949","article-title":"A comparison between body weight-supported treadmill training and conventional over-ground training in dogs with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.250699","article-title":"Treatment of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve and brachial plexus traumatic injury","volume":"67","author":"Lovaglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13584","article-title":"The change of HCN1\/HCN2 mRNA expression in peripheral nerve after chronic constriction injury induced neuropathy followed by pulsed electromagnetic field therapy","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.028","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pain","volume":"139","author":"Basbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.04.004","article-title":"HCN2 ion channels: An emerging role as the pacemakers of pain","volume":"33","author":"Emery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/0888439003261024","article-title":"Pulsed magnetic field therapy in refractory neuropathic pain secondary to peripheral neuropathy: Electrodiagnostic parameters-pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Weintraub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-5920","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates neuropathic pain caused by spared nerve injury by promoting AMPK\/mTOR-mediated autophagy in dorsal root ganglion macrophage","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03613-3","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Promotes Nerve Regeneration and Functional Recovery Through Regulating IncRNA GAS5 Targeting miR-21 After Sciatic Nerve Injury","volume":"61","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0964528420968845","article-title":"Effects of low- and high-frequency electroacupuncture on protein expression and distribution of TRPV1 and P2X3 in rats with peripheral nerve injury","volume":"39","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragomir, M.F., Pestean, C.P., Melega, L., Danciu, C.G., Purdoiu, R.C., and Oana, L. (2021). Current Aspects Regarding the Clinical Relevance of Electroacupuncture in Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury: A Literature Review. Animal, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010219"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.9.1141","article-title":"Effects of adjunct electroacupuncture on severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease","volume":"234","author":"Laim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.137589","article-title":"Electroacupuncture attenuates neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.142","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Antimicrobial mechanisms and clinical application for infections","volume":"109","author":"Memar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Hengel, T.V., Haar, G.T., and Kirpensteijn, J. (2013). Reconstructive Surgery and Wound Management of the Dog and Cat, Manson Publishing."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.07.013","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunctive therapy for bilateral compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after heroin intake","volume":"37","author":"Abdullah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.4","article-title":"Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on wound healing in veterinary medicine: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Gouveia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104113","article-title":"The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of perioperative peripheral nerve injury: A scoping review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Brenna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, R., Dailey, T., Duncan, K., Abel, N., and Borlongan, C.V. (2016). Peripheral Nerve Injury: Stem Cell Therapy and Peripheral Nerve Transfer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122101"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3727\/000000002783985521","article-title":"Pharmacological, cell, and gene therapy strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Blits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.11.010","article-title":"Peripheral nerve regeneration: Experimental strategies and future perspectives","volume":"82\u201383","author":"Faroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)87015-3","article-title":"Chapter 15: Novel pharmacological approaches to Schwann cells as neuroprotective agents for peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"87","author":"Magnaghi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.02.003","article-title":"Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: A review on design, materials and fabrication methods","volume":"106","author":"Vijayavenkataraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117308","article-title":"Repair strategies for injured peripheral nerve: Review","volume":"243","author":"Raza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isvoranu, G., Manole, E., and Neagu, M. (2021). Gait Analysis Using Animal Models of Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081050"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.03.027","article-title":"Heterologous fibrin sealant potentiates axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury with reduction in the number of suture points","volume":"50","author":"Leite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2020.10.003","article-title":"Trends in nerve transfer procedures among board-eligible orthopedic hand surgeons","volume":"3","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Global"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199707)20:7<858::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The effect of duration of muscle denervation on functional recovery in the rat model","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"ons75","article-title":"Median to radial nerve transfer to restore wrist and finger extension: Technical nuances","volume":"66","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/09\/0666","article-title":"Median to radial nerve transfer for treatment of radial nerve palsy: Case report","volume":"107","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.01.013","article-title":"Barriers to epineural scarring: Role in treatment of traumatic nerve injury and chronic compressive neuropathy","volume":"43","author":"Dy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20150204-04","article-title":"Collagen nerve wrap for median nerve scarring","volume":"38","author":"Kokkalis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3182956475","article-title":"Revision decompression and collagen nerve wrap for recurrent and persistent compression neuropathies of the upper extremity","volume":"72","author":"Soltani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2012.10.167","article-title":"Reduction of neural scarring after peripheral nerve suture: An experimental study about collagen membrane and autologous vein wrapping","volume":"31","author":"Mathieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chir. Main."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.02.031","article-title":"Preliminary results of recurrent cubital tunnel syndrome treated with neurolysis and porcine extracellular matrix nerve wrap","volume":"40","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1215526","article-title":"The short- and long-term effects of Seprafilm on peripheral nerves: A histological and functional study","volume":"25","author":"Magill","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.2.0371","article-title":"Effects of human amniotic fluid on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration in rats","volume":"98","author":"Ozgenel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.09.013","article-title":"Recurrent cubital tunnel syndrome treated with revision neurolysis and amniotic membrane nerve wrapping","volume":"25","author":"Gaspar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"2467","article-title":"Advances of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-based biomaterial scaffolds for oral and maxillofacial tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.48.2000.1.11","article-title":"Influence of electrical stimulation on regeneration of the radial nerve in dogs","volume":"48","author":"Zorko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.03.0033","article-title":"Crush Injury Enhances Functional Recovery of Rat Facial Nerve","volume":"49","author":"Foecking","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06631.2002","article-title":"Gordon Electrical stimulation promotes motoneuron regeneration without increasing its speed or conditioning the neuron","volume":"22","author":"Brushart","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.040","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression","volume":"205","author":"Geremia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310368686","article-title":"Electrical stimulation accelerates motor functional recovery in the rat model of 15-mm sciatic nerve gap bridged by scaffolds with longitudinally oriented microchannels","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081458","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1081458","article-title":"Electrical stimulation therapy for peripheral nerve injury","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12370","article-title":"Electrical stimulation accelerates nerve regeneration and functional recovery in delayed peripheral nerve injury in rats","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S., McConnell, K.W., Amores, D., Levinson, A., Vogel, H., Quarta, M., Rando, T.A., and George, P.M. (2021). Electrical stimulation of human neural stem cells via conductive polymer nerve guides enhances peripheral nerve recovery. Biomaterials, 275.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120982"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.11.023","article-title":"Differential effects of activity dependent treatments on axonal regeneration and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"240","author":"Cobianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CEMN.0000022770.66463.f7","article-title":"Electrical stimulation accelerates and enhances expression of regeneration-associated genes in regenerating rat femoral motoneurons","volume":"24","author":"Tam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.12.018","article-title":"BDNF\/TrkB signaling regulates HNK-1 carbohydrate expression in regenerating motor nerves and promotes functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair","volume":"198","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113136","article-title":"Single-session cortical electrical stimulation enhances the efficacy of rehabilitative motor training after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"324","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00585-z","article-title":"Nervous system modulation through electrical stimulation in companion animals","volume":"63","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:27:3:277","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors and their receptors in axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"27","author":"Boyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1726","article-title":"The yin and yang of neurotrophin action","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8706-9","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury modulates neurotrophin signaling in the peripheral and central nervous system","volume":"50","author":"Richner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0415-1","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation to Enhance Axon Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Animal Models and Humans","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.4.416","article-title":"Electrical stimulation attenuates denervation and age-related atrophy in extensor digitorum longus muscles of old rats","volume":"60","author":"Dow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199612000-00004","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of denervated muscle: Is it worthwhile?","volume":"28","author":"Eberstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.02.007","article-title":"Electrical stimulation restores the specificity of sensory axon regeneration","volume":"194","author":"Brushart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00654.2001","article-title":"Increased Neuromuscular Activity Reduces Sprouting in Partially Denervated Muscles","volume":"21","author":"Tam","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10191","article-title":"Activity alters muscle reinnervation and terminal sprouting by reducing the number of schwann cell pathways that grow to link synaptic sites","volume":"54","author":"Love","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466404","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2018.1466404","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances","volume":"5","author":"Alvites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bula-Oyola, E., Belda-Lois, J., Porcar-Seder, R., and Page, A. (2021). Effectiveness of electrophysical modalities in the sensorimotor rehabilitation of radial, ulnar, and median neuropathies: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248484"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.02.013","article-title":"Static Magnetic Field Therapy for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Feasibility Study","volume":"91","author":"Colbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-014-0377-9","article-title":"New treatment alternatives in the ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: Ultrasound and low-level laser therapy","volume":"115","author":"Ozkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520930062","article-title":"Efficacy of shortwave diathermy in ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Aktas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.18-OR-06","article-title":"Low Level Laser Therapy for Radial Nerve Palsy Patients: Our Experience","volume":"27","author":"Oshima","year":"2018","journal-title":"LASER Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193412442137","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences in the Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire after carpal tunnel release","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0474-8","article-title":"Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: Review of the state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Gunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng Rehab."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05845.x","article-title":"Considerations for safety with chronically implanted nerve electrodes","volume":"31","author":"Agnew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02510526","article-title":"Relationship between stimulus amplitude, stimulus frequency and neural damage during electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve of cat","volume":"33","author":"McCreery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567050-00016","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve for hemiplegia. Long-term clinical follow-up","volume":"67","author":"Waters","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02364272","article-title":"Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: Considerations for the selection of parameters","volume":"17","author":"Agnew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasiba-Pappas, S., Kamolz, L., Luze, H., Nischwitz, S., Holzer-Geissler, J., Tuca, A., Rienmuller, T., Polz, M., Ziesel, D., and Winter, R. (2023). Does electrical stimulation through nerve conduits improve peripheral nerve regeneration?\u2014A systematic review. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2023.2.0057"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004121","article-title":"State-of-The-Art techniques in treating peripheral nerve injury","volume":"141","author":"Kubiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270892","article-title":"Neuroscience The use of brief post-surgical low frequency electrical stimulation to enhance nerve regeneration in clinical practice","volume":"594","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.C., Kao, C.H., Chen, C.C., Ke, C.J., Yao, C.H., and Chen, Y.S. (2015). Time-course effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration of diabetic rats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116711"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00117","article-title":"Polymerizing pyrrole coated poly (l-lactic acid-co-\u03b5-caprolactone) (PLCL) conductive nanofibrous conduit combined with electric stimulation for long-range peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095259","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1095259","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for the treatment of spinal cord injuries: A review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive functional improvements","volume":"17","author":"Dorrian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.03.002","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Griffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1946","article-title":"Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Bakkum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.324848","article-title":"Brief electrical nerve stimulation enhances intrinsic repair capacity of the focally demyelinated central nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Ayanwuyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314545172","article-title":"High-Frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation alleviates spasticity after spinal contusion by inhibiting activated microglia in rats","volume":"29","author":"Hahm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Rep."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.335823","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury and treatment via electrical stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0829-3","article-title":"Long-Term Regular Eccentric Exercise Decreases Neuropathic Pain-like Behavior and Improves Motor Functional Recovery in an Axonotmesis Mouse Model: The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1","volume":"55","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000268","article-title":"Early increasing-intensity treadmill exercise reduces neuropathic pain by preventing nociceptor collateral sprouting and disruption of chloride cotransporters homeostasis after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"156","author":"Modol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1504180","article-title":"Effect of swimming training on nerve morphological recovery after compressive injury","volume":"40","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307313502","article-title":"Endurance and Resistance Exercise Training Programs Elicit Specific Effects on Sciatic Nerve Regeneration After Experimental Traumatic Lesion in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Ilha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198908000-00005","article-title":"Passive Exercise and Reinnervation of the Rat Denervated Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle after Nerve Crush","volume":"68","author":"Pachter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01555.x","article-title":"Sensory enrichment after peripheral nerve injury restores cortical, not thalamic, receptive field organization","volume":"13","author":"Florence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Manual stimulation of forearm muscles does not improve recovery of motor function after injury to a mixed peripheral nerve","volume":"38","author":"Sinis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.04.017","article-title":"Myelin-associated glycoprotein and complementary axonal ligands, gangliosides, mediate axon stability in the CNS and PNS: Neuropathology and behavioral deficits in single- and double-null mice","volume":"195","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.109.5.2417","article-title":"The myelin-associated glycoprotein is enriched in multivesicular bodies and periaxonal membranes of actively myelinating oligodendrocytes","volume":"109","author":"Trapp","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.P., and Taylor, R.S. (2022). Guillain-Barre Syndrome, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.02.013","article-title":"Treadmill training promotes axon regeneration in injured peripheral nerves","volume":"211","author":"Sabatier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22149","article-title":"Treadmill training enhances axon regeneration in injured mouse peripheral nerves without increased loss of topographic specificity","volume":"517","author":"English","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt612","article-title":"SMN-dependent intrinsic defects in Schwann cells in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"23","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420045-6.00006-7","article-title":"Role of physical exercise for improving posttraumatic nerve regeneration","volume":"109","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, D., Cardoso, A., Carvalho, C., Almeida, A., Gamboa, O., Ferreira, A., and Martins, A. (2022). Approach to Small Animal Neurorehabilitation by Locomotor Training: Na Update. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243582"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315604399","article-title":"Electrical stimulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Willand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22147","article-title":"Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration due to treadmill training and electrical stimulation is dependent on androgen receptor signaling","volume":"74","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.03.022","article-title":"Brief electrical stimulation improves nerve regeneration after delayed repair in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"269","author":"Elzinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.020","article-title":"Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients","volume":"223","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24397","article-title":"Electrical stimulation enhances sensory recovery: A randomized control trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juckett, L., Saffari, T.M., Ormseth, B., Senger, J., and Moore, A. (2022). The effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121856"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0751455.x","article-title":"Nitric-oxide-induced necrosis and apoptosis in PC12 cells mediated bu mitochondria","volume":"75","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00597-4","article-title":"A role for free radicals and nitric oxide in delayed recovery in aged rats with chronic constriction nerve injury","volume":"31","author":"Khalil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/clm.1993.11.115","article-title":"Cord dorsum potentials suppressed by low power laser irradiation on a peripheral nerve in the cat","volume":"11","author":"Kono","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1992.11740003","article-title":"New trend in neuroscience: Low-power laser effect on peripheral and central nervous system (basic science, preclinical and clinical studies)","volume":"14","author":"Rochkind","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2017.4348","article-title":"Beyond the Laboratory, Into the Clinic: What Dogs with Disk Disease Have Taught Us About Photobiomodulation for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"35","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.153687","article-title":"Electroacupuncture in the repair of spinal cord injury: Inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway and promoting neural stem sell proliferation","volume":"10","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.014","article-title":"Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation","volume":"170","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2613","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Promotes Central Nervous System-Dependent Release of mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"35","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.025","article-title":"Transcranial low-level laser therapy improves brain mitochondrial function and cognitive impairment in D-galactose-induced aging mice","volume":"58","author":"Salehpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.12.040","article-title":"Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation attenuates memory impairment and hippocampal oxidative stress in sleep-deprived mice","volume":"1682","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-009-0750-8","article-title":"Comparative effects of wavelengths of low-power laser in regeneration of sciatic nerve in rats following crushing lesion","volume":"25","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-004-0300-3","article-title":"Low-power laser biostimulation enhances nerve repair after end-to-side neurorrhaphy: A double-blind randomized study in the rat median nerve model","volume":"19","author":"Geuna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.02.005","article-title":"Large-area irradiated low-level laser effect in a biodegradable nerve guide conduit on neural regeneration of peripheral nerve injury in rats","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"CD009601","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02761-0","article-title":"Transcutaneos transmission of photobiomodulation light to the spinal canal of dog as measured from cadaver dogs using a multi-channel intra-spinal probe","volume":"34","author":"Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-00132012000200011","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do papel de opioides end\u00f3genos na analgesia do laser de baixa pot\u00eancia, 820 nm, em joelhos de ratos Wistar","volume":"13","author":"Meireles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Dor."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-70942010000300008","article-title":"Influ\u00eancia da Naloxona e Metisergida sobre o Efeito Analg\u00e9sico do Laser em Baixa Intensidade em Modelo Experimental de Dor","volume":"60","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"99","article-title":"Phototherapy\u2014A treatment modality for wound healing and pain relief","volume":"10","author":"Hawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afri. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70144-9","article-title":"Restoring function after spinal cord injury: Towards clinical translation of experimental strategies","volume":"13","author":"Ramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2234-6","article-title":"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome management: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bekhet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22443","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic fields improved peripheral nerve regeneration after delayed repair of one month","volume":"44","author":"Keyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-023-00276-w","article-title":"Biomechanical microenvironmental stimulating effect of pulsed electromagnet field on the regeneration of crush injured rat sciatic nerve","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198402000-00001","article-title":"Pulsing electromagnetic field therapy in nerve regeneration: An experimental study in the cat","volume":"73","author":"Orgel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.65B4.6603461","article-title":"Effects of high-peak pulsed electromagnetic field on the degeneration and regeneration of the common peroneal nerve in rats","volume":"65","author":"Raji","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199101000-00019","article-title":"A multivariate approach to the treatment of peripheral nerve transection injury: The role of electromagnetic field therapy","volume":"87","author":"Zienowicz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2021.1907403","article-title":"The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on experimentally induced sciatic nerve injury in rats","volume":"40","author":"Bademoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20302","article-title":"Electromagnetic field treatment of nerve crush injury in a rat model: Effect of signal configuration on functional recovery","volume":"28","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.01.011","article-title":"Combination of stem cells from deciduous teeth and electroacupuncture for therapy in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"123","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525144","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.525144","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Promoted Nerve Repair After Peripheral Nerve Injury by Regulating miR-1b and Its Target Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.228731","article-title":"Electroacupuncture and moxibustion promote regeneration of injured sciatic nerve through Schwann cell proliferation and nerve growth factor secretion","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strickland, L.T., Richards, L., Holmes, F.E., Wynick, D., Uney, J.B., and Wong, L.-F. (2011). Axotomy-induced miR-21 promotes axon growth in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023423"},{"key":"ref_260","first-page":"7530101","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated miR-21 Was Involved in the Promotion of Structural and Functional Recovery Effect Produced by Electroacupuncture in Sciatic Nerve Injury","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_261","first-page":"19","article-title":"Turning 21: Induction of miR-21 as a key switch in the inflammatory response","volume":"29","author":"Sheedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H710","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00538.2017","article-title":"MiR-21-5p regulates mitochondrial respiration and lipid content in H9C2 cells","volume":"316","author":"Nasci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0641-z","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-21 in stem cells improves ovarian structure and function in rats with chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage bu targeting PDCD4 and PTEN to inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12380","article-title":"miR-21-5p promotes cell proliferation by targeting BCL11B in Thp-1 cells","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2016-011263","article-title":"Effects of electroacupuncture on functional indices and pS6 expression following acute sciatic nerve crush injury in rats","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","first-page":"328","article-title":"Effect of electroacupuncture on mRNA expression of NGF and IGF-1 injured nerve","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_267","first-page":"268270","article-title":"Effect of the neurodynamic mobilization technique combined with electroacupuncture on functinal recovery and GAP-43 expression after sciatic nerve injury in rabbits","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Electroneurophys"},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effect of deep electroacupuncture stimulation of \u201cHuantiao\u201d (GB 30) on changes of function and nerve grouwth factor expression of the injured sciatic nerve in rats","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu."},{"key":"ref_269","first-page":"57","article-title":"Effects of electroacupuncture on mRNA expression of NGF and IGF-1 in sciatic nerve of diabetic rat","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Int. Tradit. Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2671","article-title":"Case report: Efficacy of Combination of Electroacupuncture and Aquapuncture Using Vitamin B Complex on Promotion of Ambulation Perception in 15 Dogs with Hansen Type I Intervertebral Disc Disease Undergoing Hemilaminectomy","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Medicine."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X10008433","article-title":"Clinical effect of additional electroacupuncture on thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation in 80 paraplegic dogs","volume":"38","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.6.913","article-title":"Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs","volume":"231","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X528102","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and electroacupuncture downregulate the inhibitor molecules and promote the axonal regeneration in the transected spinal cord of rats","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.12055","article-title":"Electroacupuncture promotes nerve regeneration and functional recovery in rats with spinal cord contusion through the coordinate interaction of CD4 and BDNF","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ibrain"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.247471","article-title":"Electroacupuncture promotes peripheral nerve regeneration after facial nerve crush injury and upregulates the expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"14","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514610","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/514610","article-title":"Electroacupuncture and Acupuncture Promote the Rat's Transected Median Nerve Regeneration","volume":"2013","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31822d233c","article-title":"Electrical stimulation improves peripheral nerve regeneration in sptreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"72","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(93)90068-3","article-title":"Behavioral evaluating methods in the objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental brachial plexus reconstruction in the rat","volume":"46","author":"Bertelli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X01000393","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture stimulation on peripheral nerve regeneration using silicone rubber chambers","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792793","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/792793","article-title":"Neuroendocrine mechanisms of acupuncture","volume":"2012","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cofano, F., Boido, M., Monticelli, M., Zenga, F., Ducati, A., Vercelli, A., and Garbossa, D. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Current Options, Limitations, and Future of Cell Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112698"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.11.E2","article-title":"Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: Promise on the horizon","volume":"25","author":"Rowland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazdic, M., Volarevic, V., Harrell, C.R., Fellabaum, C., Jovicic, N., Arsenijevic, N., and Stojkovic, M. (2018). Stem Cells Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041039"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.04.002","article-title":"The mesenchymal stem cell secretome: A new paradigm towards cell-free therapeutic mode in regenerative medicine","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/6\/884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:13:08Z","timestamp":1760105588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/6\/884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":285,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14060884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14060884","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]}}}