{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:54:25Z","timestamp":1778003665128,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020-UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020-UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The autonomous identification of animal births has a significant added value, since it enables for a prompt timely human intervention in the process, protecting the young and the mothers\u2019 health, without requiring continuous human surveillance. Wearable inertial sensors have been employed for a variety of animal monitoring applications, thanks to their low cost and the fact that they allow less invasive monitoring process. Alarms triggered by the occurrence of events must be generated close to the events to avoid delays caused by communication latency, which is why this type of mechanism is typically implemented at the network\u2019s edge and integrated with existing auxiliary mechanisms on the Internet. Although the detection of births in cattle has been carried out commercially for some years, there is no solution for small ruminants, especially goats, where the literature does not even report any attempts. The current work consisted of a first attempt at developing an automatic birth monitor using inertial sensing, as well as detection techniques based on Machine Learning, implemented in a network edge device to assure real-time alarm triggering. Thus, two concept drift detection techniques and seven kidding detection mechanisms were developed using data classification models. The work also includes the testing and comparison of learning results, both in terms of accuracy and of computational costs of the detection module, for algorithms implemented. The results revealed that, despite their simplicity, concept drift algorithms do not allow kidding detection, whereas classification-algorithm-based static learning models do, despite the unbalanced character of the dataset and its reduced size. The learning findings are quite promising in terms of computational cost and its suitability for deployment on edge devices. The algorithm demonstrates behavior changes four hours before kidding and allows for the identification of the kidding hour with an accuracy of 61%, as well as the capacity to improve the overall learning process with a larger dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T05:23:31Z","timestamp":1710825811000},"page":"938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the Potential of Machine Learning Algorithms Associated with the Use of Inertial Sensors for Goat Kidding Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o de \u00c1gueda, Universidade de Aveiro, 3830-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5981-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria do Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria I.P. (INIAV), Avenida Professor Vaz Portugal, 2005-424 Vale de Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria I.P. (INIAV), Avenida Professor Vaz Portugal, 2005-424 Vale de Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu e CERNAS, Centro de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Departamento de Eletr\u00f3nica Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3830-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Riegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari 89245-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Braz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari 89245-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f3brega, L., Gon\u00e7alves, P., Pedreiras, P., and Pereira, J. 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