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ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125 Ref. 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ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125 Ref. ROTEIRO\/0028\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study investigates the venom-delivery system of green and red morphotypes of the sea anemone Actinia equina to disclose its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. We compared the two morphotypes using electron and optical microscopy, proteomics, and toxicity assessment on zebrafish embryos. Specialized venom-injecting cells (nematocysts) are equally distributed and found in the tentacles of both varieties. Proteomics revealed proteins of interest in both red and green Actinia, yielding the three most abundant Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to the biological processes \u201cproteolysis\u201d, \u201chemolysis in another organism\u201d and \u201clipid catabolic process\u201d. Neurotoxins and cytolytic toxins similar to known cnidarian toxins like PsTX-60A and AvTX-60A, for instance, were identified in both types. Extracts from green and red anemones were toxic to zebrafish embryos, with green anemone venom appearing to be more potent. The findings highlight the presence of proteinaceous toxins in A. equina and the potential for different varieties to possess distinct bioactive compounds. Notably, pore-forming toxins are suggested for molecular probes and immunotoxins, making them valuable assets for potential biotechnological and biomedical purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T11:37:22Z","timestamp":1711021042000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of the Venom System between Two Morphotypes of the Sea Anemone Actinia equina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8834-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Alcaide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Moutinho Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMM\u2014Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4593-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera M.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P.","family":"Alves de Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Manadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5933-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Sa\u00fade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMM\u2014Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariaelena","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.181","article-title":"Marine-Derived Pharmaceuticals\u2014Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Lindequist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. 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