{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T14:49:29Z","timestamp":1778165369110,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paleo-oncology studies neoplastic diseases in fossilised animals, including human remains. Recent advancements have enabled more accurate diagnoses of ancient pathologies despite the inherent challenges in identifying tumours in fossils\u2014such as the rarity of well-preserved specimens, the predominance of bone remains, and the difficulty in distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions. This study compiles reports of tumours in fossilised animals, highlighting that neoplasms are present in a wide range of vertebrates and drawing comparisons to modern instances of similar diseases. The findings underscore the multifactorial aetiology of tumours, which involves genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and suggest that tumours have been around for at least 350 million years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14101474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1715772712000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ancient Diseases in Vertebrates: Tumours through the Ages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic and Wildlife Service, Veterinary Hospital University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 4500-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science\u2014AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science\u2014AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Memory Institute, 6120-750 Ma\u00e7\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (IPT), Geosciences Center (UID73), 2300-000 Tomar, Portugal"},{"name":"Geosciences Centre, University of Coimbra (u. 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