{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:10:38Z","timestamp":1760145038227,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ovariectomy (OVE) procedure can trigger somatosensory and visceral peritoneal nociception. Sacrococcygeal epidural (ScE) anesthesia may complement or replace systemic analgesia used for feline OVE, reducing opioid consumption and their related undesirable adverse effects and consequently reducing or completely blocking the sympathetic nervous system activation during this procedure. The present study aimed to evaluate the activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting from adding an ScE injection of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.3 mL kg\u22121) in feline OVE and identify whether this translates to hemodynamic variables stability. A Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) monitor was applied given that it performs analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) detecting changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, making it a good tool for detecting activation of the sympathetic nervous system during the study. Two groups of animals were evaluated in five perioperative times, namely, the control group (CG) (n = 18) with systemic analgesia alone and the sacrococcygeal epidural group (ScEG) (n = 20) with 0.25% bupivacaine combined with systemic analgesia. Thirty-eight female cats were selected. All animals assigned to CG and ScEG were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (20 \u03bcg kg\u22121 IM) and methadone (0.2 mg kg\u22121 IM). General anesthesia was induced with propofol IV ad effectum and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Heart rate, non-invasive systolic and median blood pressure, respiratory rate, and instantaneous parasympathetic tone activity were recorded. Compared to systemic analgesia alone (CG), sacrococcygeal epidural (ScEG) reduced the rise of common hemodynamic variables but did not prevent sympathetic nervous system activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14121732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T08:49:03Z","timestamp":1718009343000},"page":"1732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can a Sacrococcygeal Epidural of 0.25% Bupivacaine Prevent the Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System during Feline Ovariectomy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Eliseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9nio","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427CWN, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4879-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7236-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Diogo","family":"dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lus\u00f3fona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dourado, A., Gomes, A., Teixeira, P., Lobo, L., Azevedo, J.T., Dias, I.R., and Pinelas, R. 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